### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek noun ἔλεγχος (transliterated as *élenchos*, `{{G1650}}`) derives from the verb ἐλέγχω (*elénchō*, `{{G1651}}`), which signifies to expose, convict, reprove, or bring to light. The core meaning of ἔλεγχος, therefore, is the act or result of this process: a "proof," "conviction," or "reproof." It is not merely a verbal rebuke, but a demonstration of truth that leads to an undeniable conviction, whether in the mind of the one being reproved or in the substantiation of a claim. Its semantic range extends from the objective "evidence" that proves a point to the subjective "conviction" that results from such proof, and the "reproof" or "rebuke" that is based on established truth. The nuance often implies a bringing to light of that which was hidden or misunderstood, leading to a state of being convinced or exposed.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The noun ἔλεγχος appears notably in two distinct contexts within the New Testament, highlighting its varied application:
1. **Hebrews 11:1**: "Now faith is the assurance of things hoped for, the conviction of things not seen." Here, ἔλεγχος is translated as "conviction" or "evidence." This verse defines faith not as a blind leap, but as a substantive certainty concerning realities that are not perceptible to the physical senses. The "conviction" (ἔλεγχος) of things not seen implies an inner assurance or spiritual proof that gives substance to the unseen objects of hope. It is the internal, spiritual demonstration that makes the unseen real and tangible to the believer, providing a firm basis for their hope. This is a profound theological statement on the nature of faith.
2. **2 Timothy 3:16**: "All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness." In this pivotal verse concerning the nature and utility of Scripture, ἔλεγχος is rendered "rebuking" or "reproof." Here, it refers to the corrective function of God's inspired Word. Scripture, being divine revelation, possesses the inherent power to expose error, sin, and false doctrine. This "reproof" is not arbitrary condemnation but a truthful exposure that brings conviction, leading to the possibility of repentance and correction. It is an act of divine illumination that reveals what is contrary to God's will and truth.
These two primary occurrences demonstrate the dual nature of ἔλεγχος: an internal, faith-based certainty and an external, truth-based correction.
### Related Words & Concepts
Understanding ἔλεγχος is enhanced by considering its relationship to other key biblical terms:
* **ἐλέγχω (elénchō, `{{G1651}}`)**: The foundational verb from which ἔλεγχος derives. This verb is crucial as it describes the *action* of convicting, exposing, or reproving. For example, John 3:20 states that those who do evil hate the light "lest their deeds should be exposed" (ἐλεγχθῇ). This highlights the active nature of bringing truth to bear.
* **ἀλήθεια (alētheia, `{{G225}}`)**: "Truth." The concept of ἔλεγχος is inextricably linked to truth, as any genuine conviction or reproof must be grounded in reality and fact. Without truth, ἔλεγχος would be mere accusation or baseless assertion.
* **διδασκαλία (didaskalia, `{{G1319}}`)**: "Teaching" or "doctrine." In 2 Timothy 3:16, ἔλεγχος is listed alongside διδασκαλία as a primary utility of Scripture. While διδασκαλία imparts knowledge, ἔλεγχος applies that knowledge to expose error and correct behavior.
* **ἐπιτιμάω (epitimaō, `{{G2008}}`)**: "To rebuke, warn." While similar to ἔλεγχος in the sense of expressing disapproval, ἐπιτιμάω often carries the nuance of a sharp, authoritative command or warning, whereas ἔλεγχος emphasizes the *proof* or *conviction* that accompanies the rebuke.
* **παρακαλέω (parakaleō, `{{G3870}}`)**: "To exhort, encourage, comfort." Often found in parallel with the concept of rebuke in pastoral epistles (e.g., 2 Timothy 4:2), emphasizing the balanced approach of ministry: both encouragement and firm, truth-based correction.
### Theological Significance
The theological significance of ἔλεγχος is profound, touching upon the nature of faith, the authority of Scripture, and the character of God.
1. **The Nature of Faith**: In Hebrews 11:1, ἔλεγχος elevates faith beyond mere intellectual assent or wishful thinking. It portrays faith as a substantive, convincing reality that provides internal "proof" for the unseen. This conviction is a gift of the Holy Spirit, enabling believers to grasp and appropriate divine realities that transcend human perception. It underscores that true faith is not irrational but possesses its own unique form of evidence.
2. **The Authority and Efficacy of Scripture**: 2 Timothy 3:16 establishes ἔλεγχος as a primary function of God's Word. Scripture, being "God-breathed," possesses inherent authority and power to expose sin, error, and unrighteousness. This "reproof" is a loving, corrective act of God, designed to bring about repentance and conformity to His will. It highlights the active, transformative power of the Bible in the life of the believer and the church.
3. **God's Righteous Character**: The divine ἔλεγχος, whether through the inner witness of the Spirit or the external revelation of Scripture, is always rooted in God's perfect truth and righteousness. It is not accusatory in a condemning sense but corrective, aimed at restoration and sanctification. God's reproof is an expression of His love and desire for humanity to walk in light and truth.
4. **Pastoral Responsibility**: For those in ministry, the concept of ἔλεγχος underscores the responsibility to lovingly but firmly confront error and sin within the community, always grounded in the truth of God's Word. This requires discernment, courage, and a reliance on the Spirit to bring conviction.
### Summary
The Greek word ἔλεγχος (`{{G1650}}`) signifies a convincing proof, a profound conviction, or a truth-based reproof. Its meaning is rooted in the verb ἐλέγχω (`{{G1651}}`), which means to expose or bring to light. In the New Testament, ἔλεγχος is employed in two significant contexts: as the "conviction" or "evidence" that defines the substantive nature of faith in unseen realities ([[Hebrews 11:1]]), and as the "rebuking" or "reproof" function of God-breathed Scripture, exposing error and leading to correction ([[2 Timothy 3:16]]). Theologically, ἔλεγχος reveals faith as a deep, spiritual certainty, underscores the authoritative and transformative power of God's Word, and reflects God's righteous character in His pursuit of truth and holiness in humanity. It is a concept central to understanding divine revelation, spiritual assurance, and the process of sanctification.
TRV