The Greek word áthōos, represented by G121, means not guilty or innocent. Derived from a negative particle and a word related to penalty, it appears 2 times across 2 unique verses in the Bible, focusing on declarations of innocence.
In the biblical narrative, G121 is used exclusively during the events leading to the crucifixion. It is first spoken by Judas, who confesses, "I have sinned in that I have betrayed the innocent blood" Matthew 27:4. Later, Pontius Pilate attempts to absolve himself of responsibility by washing his hands and stating, "I am innocent of the blood of this just person" Matthew 27:24. Both uses serve to affirm the blamelessness of the one being condemned.
Several related words provide a fuller context for the meaning of G121:
- G129 haîma (blood): This word is paired directly with G121 in both of its appearances, forming the critical phrase "innocent blood" Matthew 27:4. The concept of blood is theologically central to atonement and cleansing from sin Revelation 1:5.
- G1342 díkaios (just, meet, right(-eous)): Pilate uses this term to describe Jesus in the same breath as declaring his own innocence, calling him a "just person" Matthew 27:24. It signifies one who is equitable and holy, a title applied to Jesus Christ 1 John 2:1.
- G264 hamartánō (to err, especially (morally) to sin): This word is used by Judas in direct contrast to G121, as he admits, "I have sinned" by betraying innocent blood Matthew 27:4. It highlights the moral opposition between the act of sin and the state of innocence.
- G3860 paradídōmi (to surrender, i.e yield up, intrust, transmit): Judas uses this word to describe his action of betrayal, stating he has "betrayed the innocent blood" Matthew 27:4. The same word is used elsewhere to describe God delivering His Son up for believers Romans 8:32.
The theological weight of G121 is concentrated in its specific application within the passion narrative.
- Dual Affirmation of Innocence: The word is spoken by two key figures in Jesus's condemnation—his betrayer and his judge. Both declarations, one from guilt and one from self-preservation, serve to legally and morally establish Jesus as "not guilty."
- Innocence vs. Sin: Judas's confession directly links his sin G264 and betrayal G3860 to the shedding of "innocent blood." This establishes a clear dichotomy: the guilt of humanity is responsible for the death of the one who is without guilt.
- The Nature of the Sacrifice: By defining the blood shed as "innocent" G121 and the person as "just" G1342, the narrative underscores that this was not a deserved punishment. This innocence is foundational to the concept of redemption through His blood Ephesians 1:7.
In summary, G121 is a rare but pivotal word that defines the status of Jesus at his trial. Used by both Judas and Pilate, it functions as an official declaration of his blamelessness. By contrasting this innocence with the sin, betrayal, and political maneuvering that led to his death, the term underscores the profound injustice of his condemnation and establishes his unique qualification as the innocent sacrifice for sin.
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