### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek word **áthōos**, represented by `{{G121}}`, means **not guilty** or **innocent**. Derived from a negative particle and a word related to penalty, it appears **2 times** across **2 unique verses** in the Bible, focusing on declarations of innocence.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In the biblical narrative, `{{G121}}` is used exclusively during the events leading to the crucifixion. It is first spoken by Judas, who confesses, "I have sinned in that I have betrayed the **innocent** blood" [[Matthew 27:4]]. Later, Pontius Pilate attempts to absolve himself of responsibility by washing his hands and stating, "I am **innocent** of the blood of this just person" [[Matthew 27:24]]. Both uses serve to affirm the blamelessness of the one being condemned.
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words provide a fuller context for the meaning of `{{G121}}`:
* `{{G129}}` **haîma** (blood): This word is paired directly with `{{G121}}` in both of its appearances, forming the critical phrase "innocent **blood**" [[Matthew 27:4]]. The concept of blood is theologically central to atonement and cleansing from sin [[Revelation 1:5]].
* `{{G1342}}` **díkaios** (just, meet, right(-eous)): Pilate uses this term to describe Jesus in the same breath as declaring his own innocence, calling him a "**just person**" [[Matthew 27:24]]. It signifies one who is equitable and holy, a title applied to Jesus Christ [[1 John 2:1]].
* `{{G264}}` **hamartánō** (to err, especially (morally) to sin): This word is used by Judas in direct contrast to `{{G121}}`, as he admits, "I have **sinned**" by betraying innocent blood [[Matthew 27:4]]. It highlights the moral opposition between the act of sin and the state of innocence.
* `{{G3860}}` **paradídōmi** (to surrender, i.e yield up, intrust, transmit): Judas uses this word to describe his action of betrayal, stating he has "**betrayed** the innocent blood" [[Matthew 27:4]]. The same word is used elsewhere to describe God delivering His Son up for believers [[Romans 8:32]].
### Theological Significance
The theological weight of `{{G121}}` is concentrated in its specific application within the passion narrative.
* **Dual Affirmation of Innocence:** The word is spoken by two key figures in Jesus's condemnation—his betrayer and his judge. Both declarations, one from guilt and one from self-preservation, serve to legally and morally establish Jesus as "not guilty."
* **Innocence vs. Sin:** Judas's confession directly links his sin `{{G264}}` and betrayal `{{G3860}}` to the shedding of "innocent blood." This establishes a clear dichotomy: the guilt of humanity is responsible for the death of the one who is without guilt.
* **The Nature of the Sacrifice:** By defining the blood shed as "innocent" `{{G121}}` and the person as "just" `{{G1342}}`, the narrative underscores that this was not a deserved punishment. This innocence is foundational to the concept of redemption through His blood [[Ephesians 1:7]].
### Summary
In summary, `{{G121}}` is a rare but pivotal word that defines the status of Jesus at his trial. Used by both Judas and Pilate, it functions as an official declaration of his blamelessness. By contrasting this innocence with the sin, betrayal, and political maneuvering that led to his death, the term underscores the profound injustice of his condemnation and establishes his unique qualification as the innocent sacrifice for sin.
TRV