### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek verb γράφω (gráphō, `{{G1125}}`) is a primary verb with a foundational meaning of "to grave" or "to scratch," reflecting its ancient origins in inscribing on hard surfaces. From this literal sense, its semantic range expands significantly to encompass the act of "to write," which is its most prevalent meaning in the New Testament. This includes the physical act of forming letters and words, the composition of documents, letters, or books, and the recording of information. Figuratively, γράφω can also mean "to describe," implying the detailed portrayal or depiction of something through written language, thereby making it known or understood. The transition from physical inscription to the broader act of communication through written text is central to its usage, highlighting both the medium and the message.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The verb γράφω appears extensively throughout the New Testament, serving various crucial functions. Its literal sense is seen in instances such as Jesus writing on the ground in [[John 8:6]] or Pilate writing the inscription for the cross in [[John 19:19]]. More broadly, it refers to the act of composing letters, as when Paul speaks of what he has "written" to the Corinthians ([[2 Corinthians 9:1]]) or Peter to his readers ([[2 Peter 3:1]]).
However, the most theologically significant usage of γράφω is found in the perfect passive form, γέγραπται (gégrammai), typically translated as "it is written." This phrase introduces citations from the Old Testament, emphatically asserting their divine origin, authority, and enduring truth. For example, Jesus repeatedly counters Satan's temptations with "It is written" ([[Matthew 4:4]], [[Luke 4:4]], [[Luke 4:8]], [[Luke 4:10]]), underscoring the unshakeable authority of God's Word. Paul similarly employs this phrase to ground his theological arguments in Scripture ([[Romans 1:17]], [[Romans 3:4]], [[1 Corinthians 1:19]]).
Furthermore, γράφω is used to describe the divine act of recording, such as names being "written in the book of life" ([[Revelation 3:5]], [[Revelation 20:15]]) or the "books" that are opened at the final judgment ([[Revelation 20:12]]), signifying God's meticulous knowledge and righteous judgment. The concept of prophecy and fulfillment is also tied to γράφω, as many passages speak of events that "must be written" or "are written" concerning Christ ([[Luke 24:46]], [[John 12:16]]).
### Related Words & Concepts
The semantic field of γράφω is rich and interconnected with several other significant Greek terms. Most notably, its direct derivative, γραφή (graphē, `{{G1124}}`), refers to "a writing" or, more specifically, "Scripture." This noun is foundational to understanding the New Testament's view of the Old Testament as divinely inspired and authoritative. Another related noun is γράμμα (gramma, `{{G1121}}`), meaning "a letter" (of the alphabet) or "a written document," which can sometimes denote the letter of the law in contrast to its spirit. The person who engages in writing is the γραμματεύς (grammateus, `{{G1122}}`), a "scribe" or "secretary," often associated with those learned in the Law.
Conceptually, γράφω is deeply intertwined with ideas such as divine revelation, inspiration, preservation of truth, covenant, and law. It stands in contrast to oral tradition (though often complementing it), emphasizing the permanence and accessibility of written testimony. Other verbs related to communication and record-keeping, such as λέγω (legō, `{{G3004}}`, "to say, to speak") and μαρτυρέω (martyreō, `{{G3140}}`, "to bear witness"), highlight the distinct nature and enduring power of written communication in the biblical narrative.
### Theological Significance
The theological significance of γράφω is profound, particularly in its role in establishing the nature and authority of God's Word. The pervasive use of "it is written" (γέγραπται) underscores the conviction that the Old Testament Scriptures are not merely human compositions but divinely authored, authoritative, and eternally binding. This highlights the concept of divine inspiration, where human authors, though using their own personalities and styles, were superintended by the Holy Spirit to record God's truth without error.
The act of writing ensures the preservation of God's revelation across generations, making His commands, promises, and historical acts immutable and accessible. This stands in contrast to the fallibility of oral tradition. The Law given to Moses was "written" on tablets, signifying the enduring nature of the covenant and God's righteous standards. Furthermore, Christ Himself is presented as the fulfillment of all that was "written" concerning Him in the Law, Prophets, and Psalms, thereby affirming the cohesive unity and prophetic accuracy of the entire biblical canon.
Finally, γράφω points to divine omniscience and justice, as seen in the "books" where deeds and names are "written," serving as a record for final judgment. This emphasizes accountability before a God who knows all and judges righteously based on what has been recorded.
### Summary
γράφω (gráphō, `{{G1125}}`) is a fundamental Greek verb meaning "to grave," and more commonly, "to write" or "to describe." Its usage in the New Testament is pivotal, ranging from the literal act of inscribing to the profound theological assertion of divine authority. The frequent phrase "it is written" (γέγραπται) serves as a powerful declaration of the inspired, authoritative, and enduring nature of Scripture, underscoring its divine origin and absolute truth. This verb is central to understanding how God's revelation has been preserved and transmitted through written word, providing an unshakeable foundation for faith and practice. Its connection to concepts of divine inspiration, covenant, and judgment further solidifies its critical role in biblical theology.
TRV