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Public-domain commentary
Matthew Henry
From his Commentary on the Whole Bible. Henry comments on passages, not single verses — this entry covers Genesis 5:21–24. His four-level outline is real structure in the source text, so it is rendered as structure.
The accounts here run on for several generations without any thing remarkable, or any variation but of the names and numbers; but at length there comes in one that must not be passed over so, of whom special notice must be taken, and that is Enoch, the seventh from Adam: the rest, we may suppose, did virtuously, but he excelled them all, and was the brightest star of the patriarchal age. It is but little that is recorded concerning him; but this little is enough to make his name great, greater than the name of the other Enoch, who had a city called by his name. Here are two things concerning him: -
I.His gracious conversation in this world, which is twice spoken of:
Enoch walked with God after he begat Methuselah (Gen 5:22), and again, Enoch walked with God, Gen 5:24. Observe,
1.The nature of his religion and the scope and tenour of his conversation: he walked with God, which denotes,
(1.)True religion; what is godliness, but walking with God? The ungodly and profane are without God in the world, they walk contrary to him: but the godly walk with God, which presupposes reconciliation to God, for two cannot walk together except they be agreed (Amo 3:3), and includes all the parts and instances of a godly, righteous, and sober life. To walk with God is to set God always before us, and to act as those that are always under his eye. It is to live a life of communion with God both in ordinances and providences. It is to make God's word our rule and his glory our end in all our actions. It is to make it our constant care and endeavour in every thing to please God, and nothing to offend him. It is to comply with his will, to concur with his designs, and to be workers together with him. It is to be followers of him as dear children.
(2.)Eminent religion. He was entirely dead to this world, and did not only walk after God, as all good men do, but he walked with God, as if he were in heaven already. He lived above the rate, not only of other men, but of other saints: not only good in bad times, but the best in good times.
(3.)Activity in promoting religion among others. Executing the priest's office is called walking before God, Sa1 2:30, Sa1 2:35, and see Zac 3:7. Enoch, it should seem, was a priest of the most high God, and like Noah, who is likewise said to walk with God, he was a preacher of righteousness, and prophesied of Christ's second coming. Jde 1:14, Behold, the Lord cometh with his holy myriads. Now the Holy Spirit, instead of saying, Enoch lived, says, Enoch walked with God; for it is the life of a good man to walk with God. This was,
[1.]The business of Enoch's life, his constant care and work; while others lived to themselves and the world, he lived to God.
[2.]It was the joy and support of his life. Communion with God was to him better than life itself. To me to live is Christ, Phi 1:21.
2.The date of his religion. It is said (Gen 5:21), he lived sixty-five years, and begat Methuselah; but (Gen 5:22) he walked with God after he begat Methuselah, which intimates that he did not begin to be eminent for piety till about that time; at first he walked but as other men. Great saints arrive at their eminence by degrees.
3.The continuance of his religion: he walked with God three hundred years, as long as he continued in this world. The hypocrite will not pray always; but the real saint that acts from a principle, and makes religion his choice, will persevere to the end, and walk with God while he lives, as one that hopes to live for ever with him, Psa 104:33.
II.His glorious removal to a better world.
As he did not live like the rest, so he did not die like the rest (Gen 5:24): He was not, for God took him; that is, as it is explained (Heb 11:5), He was translated that he should not see death, and was not found, because God had translated him. Observe,
1.When he was thus translated.
(1.)What time of his life. It was when he had lived but three hundred and sixty-five years (a year of years), which, as men's ages went then, was in the midst of his days; for there was none of the patriarchs before the flood that did not more than double that age. But why did God take him so soon? Surely, because the world, which had now grown corrupt, was not worthy of him, or because he was so much above the world, and so weary of it, as to desire a speedy removal out of it, or because his work was done, and done the sooner for his minding it so closely. Note, God often takes those soonest whom he loves best, and the time they lose on earth is gained in heaven, to their unspeakable advantage.
(2.)What time of the world. It was when all the patriarchs mentioned in this chapter were living, except Adam, who died fifty-seven years before, and Noah, who was born sixty-nine years after; those two had sensible confirmations to their faith other ways, but to all the rest, who were or might have been witnesses of Enoch's translation, it was a sensible encouragement to their faith and hope concerning a future state.
2.How his removal is expressed: He was not, for God took him.
(1.)He was not any longer in this world; it was not the period of his being, but of his being here: he was not found, so the apostle explains it from the Septuagint; not found by his friends, who sought him as the sons of the prophets sought Elijah (Kg2 2:17); not found by his enemies, who, some think, were in quest of him, to put him to death in their rage against him for his eminent piety. It appears by his prophecy that there were then many ungodly sinners, who spoke hard speeches, and probably did hard things too, against God's people (Jde 1:15), but God hid Enoch from them, not under heaven, but in heaven.
(2.)God took him body and soul to himself in the heavenly paradise, by the ministry of angels, as afterwards he took Elijah. He was changed, as those saints will be that shall be found alive at Christ's second coming. Whenever a good man dies God takes him, fetches him hence, and receives him to himself. The apostle adds concerning Enoch that, before his translation, he had this testimony, that he pleased God, and this was the good report he obtained. Note,
[1.]Walking with God pleases God.
[2.]We cannot walk with God so as to please him, but by faith.
[3.]God himself will put an honour upon those that by faith walk with him so as to please him. He will own them now, and witness for them before angels and men at the great day. Those that have not this testimony before the translation, yet shall have it afterwards.
[4.]Those whose conversation in the world is truly holy shall find their removal out of it truly happy. Enoch's translation was not only an evidence to faith of the reality of a future state, and of the possibility of the body's existing in glory in that state; but it was an encouragement to the hope of all that walk with God that they shall be for ever with him: signal piety shall be crowned with signal honours.
Historical interpretation
Five Centuries of Reception
10 surviving comments on this verse. Each one is dated, so this reads as a timeline rather than a list.
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Enoch and Elijah were transported hence without suffering death, which was only postponed. The day will come when they will actually die that they may extinguish Antichrist with their blood. There was a legend that St. John the Evangelist was to live till the second coming, but he died.
We also find that Enoch, who pleased God, was transported, as divine Scripture testifies in Genesis and says, “And Enoch pleased God and was not seen later because God took him.” This was pleasing in the sight of God—that Enoch merited being transported from the contagion of this world. But the Holy Spirit teaches also through Solomon that those who please God are taken from here earlier and more quickly set free, lest while they are tarrying too long in this world they be corrupted by familiarity with the world.
Some say that while Adam was looking [at Enoch] God transported him to paradise lest Adam think that Enoch was killed as was Abel and so be grieved. This was so that Adam might also be comforted by this just son of his and that he might know that for all who were like this one, whether before death or after the resurrection, paradise would be their meeting place.
Enoch “hoped to invoke the Lord.” His accomplishment consisted not in hoping for knowledge, mark you, but rather in hoping for invocation of the Lord. Enoch was “transferred”—yes, but it is quite unclear whether this was a consequence or a precondition of his comprehending God’s nature.
But Enos, who assumed and hoped to invoke God; and therefore, it is believed that he was translated. Therefore, it does not seem that a man exists unless he hopes in God. But whoever hopes in God does not live on earth, but rather, as if carried away, clings to God, signifying a clear interpretation of truth.
The Holy Spirit also came down and filled the whole house, where very many were sitting, and there appeared parted tongues as of fire. Good wings of charity, true wings that flew through the mouths of the apostles, and wings of fire that spoke in a purified speech. With these wings, Enoch flew up to heaven when he was taken up.
Well, then, do not say, “I am impeded by the flesh, so I cannot win out or take on myself efforts to acquire virtue.” Do not thus accuse your Creator. For if the flesh makes it impossible to possess virtue, the fault is not ours. However, the company of the saints has shown that in reality it does not make this impossible. The nature of the flesh did not prevent Paul, for instance, from becoming such a saint as he became or Peter from receiving the keys of heaven. Further, Enoch, though possessed of the flesh, was taken by God and seen no more.
The mind is so caught up in this way that the hearing no longer takes in the voices outside and images of the passerby no longer come to sight and the eye no longer sees the mounds confronting it or the gigantic objects rising up against it. No one will possess the truth and the power of all this unless he has direct experience to teach him. The Lord will have turned the eyes of his heart away from everything of the here and now, and he will think of these as not transitory so much as already gone, smoke scattered into nothing. He walks with God, like Enoch. He is gone from a human way of life, from human concerns. He is no longer to be found amid the vanity of this present world. The text of Genesis relates that this actually happened to Enoch in the body: “Enoch walked with God and was not to be found because God had taken him away.” The apostle says, “Because of his faith, Enoch was taken up so that he did not have to encounter death.”
Furthermore, Enoch lived sixty-five years and begot Methuselah, and walked with God. After he begot Methuselah, he lived for three hundred years, and he begot sons and daughters. It is said that he walked with God. He followed God's will and precepts in all things, with God dwelling in him, possessing, and ruling over his heart, he performed good works outwardly, according to that of the prophet: "I will show you, O man, what is good and what the Lord requires of you: certainly to do justice and to love mercy, and to walk humbly with your God" (Micah 6:8). And as Zachariah says: "I will strengthen them in the Lord, and they shall walk in His name, says the Lord" (Zachariah 10:12). However, it is not said that Enoch walked with God for three hundred years after Methuselah was born, as if he had not obeyed divine commands even before his birth; but rather by this sentence, it simply indicates that he did not serve God with good work for more than three hundred years after Methuselah's birth in this life. But after these years were completed, he followed God to the further joys of life. For it continues:
Adam lived for one hundred and thirty years, and he begot a son in his own likeness and image, and he named him Seth. Adam indeed was created in the likeness and image of God, because he was made immortal in both soul and body. However, after he corrupted the image and likeness of God in himself by sinning, he begot a son in his own likeness and image, that is, mortal, corruptible, capable of reason, bound by the guilt of his transgression, and to be freed only by the grace of his Creator. It should be noted that where our Codices, translated from the Hebrew source, say Adam lived for one hundred and thirty years and begot Seth, the ancient translation has, instead of one hundred and thirty, two hundred and thirty; where our Codices continue, "And the days of Adam after he begot Seth were eight hundred years, and he begot sons and daughters," that one has seven hundred instead of eight hundred. And where it concludes, "And all the days that Adam lived were nine hundred and thirty years, and he died," it places the same total, and such a distinction of numbers is preserved in all generations up to the flood between the two editions, so that before the birth of a son each one in the Septuagint is said to have had one hundred years more, and after the birth one hundred years less than in the Hebrew truth. But in the conclusion, both editions place an equal number; except only in the sixth generation; where in both Codices, Jared is found to have begotten Enoch at one hundred and sixty-two years, and after his birth to have lived eight hundred years: and in the ninth, where, according to the Hebrew truth, Lamech begot Noah when he was one hundred and eighty years old, and after he was born, he is found to have survived for five hundred and ninety-five years. However, in the Septuagint, the years before Noah was born are found to be one hundred and eighty-eight, and after he was born, five hundred sixty-five; thus it happens that Lamech is found to have lived twenty-four years longer in Hebrew than in the Septuagint Codices: by which difference of interpretations, it is made that the lifetime of Methuselah seems to extend fourteen years beyond the flood, and so the years before the flood according to the Hebrews are one thousand five hundred and fifty-six; according to the Septuagint, which the chronographers follow, two thousand two hundred and forty-two: although the most learned Augustine professes that even in the Septuagint translation, Methuselah is found in fewer but more accurate Codices to have died six years before the flood: who, when he most diligently investigated the cause of the aforementioned discord in interpretations, and did not wish to derogate from the faith of the Septuagint translators, whom the apostles and evangelists are proven to have followed in many places; and he himself believed they used more a prophetic gift than the office of interpretation in translating the Scriptures; he concluded in this way, saying: "Therefore it is more credible for someone to say that when these first began to be copied from the library of Ptolemy; at that time, something like this could have happened in one Codex, but first copied from there, from which it spread more widely, where indeed the error of the scribe could have happened. However, it is not absurd to suspect this in that question about the life of Methuselah." And after some: "I would not doubt at all that it is rightly done, he says, when something different is found in both Codices, since both cannot be according to the faith of the transactions, that the truth be believed rather to the language from which it is translated into another by interpreters." Therefore, according to Hebrew truth, Adam lived one hundred and thirty years and begot Seth. Seth lived one hundred and five years and begot Enos. Enos lived ninety years and begot Cainan. Cainan lived eighty years and begot Mahalalel. Mahalalel lived sixty-five years and begot Jared. Jared lived one hundred and sixty-two years and begot Enoch.
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Summary
Genesis 5:21 is a pivotal genealogical entry, recording Enoch's age of sixty-five at the birth of his son, Methuselah. Far from a mere statistical detail, this verse serves as the foundational moment preceding Enoch's extraordinary and unique "walk with God," setting him apart within the antediluvian lineage. It subtly introduces a figure whose life would profoundly underscore divine faithfulness and the possibility of intimate communion with the Creator amidst a world increasingly steeped in corruption, thereby preserving a faithful remnant through whom God's redemptive purposes would continue to unfold towards the promised Seed.
Context
Literary Context
This verse is deeply embedded within the "Book of the Generations of Adam" found in Genesis chapter 5, a meticulously structured genealogy that traces the lineage from Adam to Noah. The chapter employs a repetitive, formulaic structure ("A lived X years and begat B; and A lived after he begat B Y years, and begat sons and daughters; and all the days of A were Z years: and he died"). This repetitive pattern emphasizes the relentless march of time, the reality of human mortality as a consequence of the Fall, and the continuity of the human race. Enoch's entry, beginning with the birth of Methuselah, immediately precedes the striking deviation from this formula in Genesis 5:24, where it is stated that "Enoch walked with God: and he was not; for God took him," distinguishing him uniquely from all other patriarchs who "died."
Historical & Cultural Context
In the ancient Near East, genealogies were far more than mere family trees; they served crucial historical, legal, and theological purposes, establishing identity, inheritance rights, and the continuity of covenants. The exceptionally long lifespans recorded in Genesis 5 reflect a pre-Flood world with different environmental conditions and perhaps a slower genetic degradation post-Fall, emphasizing the profound impact of sin on human longevity after the Flood. The period described in Genesis 5 also precedes the widespread corruption and violence that would lead to the Great Flood, as detailed in Genesis 6:5-7. Against this backdrop of increasing human depravity, Enoch's life, initiated by the event in this verse, stands as a stark contrast and a testament to the possibility of faithfulness.
Key Themes
Genesis 5:21 contributes significantly to several overarching themes within the book of Genesis and biblical theology. Firstly, it highlights the Divine Preservation of Lineage, demonstrating God's meticulous care in maintaining a specific line of descent, crucial for the unfolding of His redemptive plan, which ultimately points to the Messiah. Secondly, it subtly introduces the theme of Mortality and Judgment, as the traditional interpretation of Methuselah's name ("his death brings" or "man of the dart/spear") foreshadows the impending divine judgment of the Great Flood, which would occur in the year of Methuselah's death. Lastly, this verse sets the stage for the theme of Walking with God, presenting Enoch as an exemplar of intimate communion with the Creator, a concept later echoed in the description of Noah walking with God.
Exposition and Analysis
Key Word Analysis
From the root meaning "initiated" or "dedicated." This name itself carries a profound significance, hinting at the unique spiritual journey and dedication to God that would characterize Enoch's life. His name foreshadows his unparalleled relationship with God, distinguishing him from his contemporaries.
A primitive root meaning "to live," whether literally or figuratively; causatively, "to revive." While used throughout Genesis 5 to denote the physical existence and longevity of the patriarchs, in Enoch's case, it takes on a deeper spiritual dimension, particularly when read in conjunction with Genesis 5:22, where he "walked with God" for 300 years after Methuselah's birth, implying a vibrant, active spiritual life.
A primitive root meaning "to bear young" or causatively, "to beget." This verb is central to the genealogical formula of Genesis 5, emphasizing the continuity of generations and the direct paternal lineage. In this context, it highlights the unbroken chain of humanity from Adam, through which God's redemptive plan would unfold, ensuring the eventual arrival of the promised Seed.
Verse Breakdown
"And Enoch lived sixty and five years"
This clause establishes Enoch's age at a specific, significant moment in his life. While all patriarchs' ages at the birth of their named son are recorded, for Enoch, this age marks a turning point. It is after this event that he begins his unique and sustained "walk with God" for the subsequent 300 years, as detailed in Genesis 5:22. This initial period of his life, culminating in fatherhood, sets the stage for his profound spiritual transformation and exemplary devotion.
"and begat Methuselah"
This phrase identifies the specific son born to Enoch at the age of sixty-five. The act of "begetting" underscores the continuity of the human lineage and God's faithfulness in preserving a seedline. The identity of Methuselah is particularly significant, as his name is traditionally interpreted to mean "his death brings" or "man of the dart/spear," subtly hinting at the impending judgment of the Great Flood. Methuselah's life would span the entire period leading up to the Flood, dying in the very year it began, making his birth a quiet, prophetic marker within the genealogical record.
Literary Devices
The primary literary device at play in Genesis 5:21 and the surrounding chapter is Genealogy, which serves as a structural backbone, providing historical continuity and tracing the lineage from Adam to Noah. Within this genealogical framework, Repetition is prominently used, particularly the formulaic "and he lived... and begat... and he died," which underscores the pervasive reality of mortality in the post-Fall world. However, Enoch's entry introduces a profound Contrast to this pattern, as he does not "die" in the conventional sense, setting him apart as a unique figure. Furthermore, the traditional interpretation of Methuselah's name introduces an element of Foreshadowing, subtly hinting at the impending divine judgment of the Great Flood, making this seemingly simple genealogical entry a quiet, prophetic marker within the unfolding narrative of Genesis.
Theological and Thematic Connections
Genesis 5:21, though brief, is rich with theological implications. It highlights God's meticulous preservation of a faithful lineage, even amidst a world spiraling into corruption, ensuring the continuity necessary for His redemptive plan to unfold. The birth of Methuselah, whose name is traditionally linked to the coming judgment, serves as a subtle prophetic warning within the genealogical record, demonstrating God's long-suffering patience even as judgment looms. Most significantly, this verse marks the beginning of Enoch's unique spiritual journey, setting the stage for his extraordinary "walk with God," which stands as a powerful testament to the possibility of intimate communion with the Creator in any age, providing a spiritual beacon in a darkening world.
Reflection and Application
Genesis 5:21 invites us to look beyond the surface of seemingly mundane details in our lives and in Scripture, recognizing that God often works through ordinary events to initiate extraordinary purposes. Enoch's decision to "walk with God" after the birth of Methuselah suggests that significant life events, like becoming a parent, can be catalysts for deeper spiritual commitment and intimacy with God. This verse challenges us to consider how our own lives, our families, and our daily choices fit into God's larger redemptive narrative. Like Enoch, we are called to cultivate a profound, unwavering walk with God, even when the world around us is increasingly distant from Him. Our faithfulness, even in quiet obedience, can serve as a powerful testimony and contribute to the unfolding of God's sovereign plan for generations to come.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
Why is Enoch's age at Methuselah's birth specifically mentioned?
While all patriarchs' ages at their son's birth are recorded in Genesis chapter 5 for genealogical precision and to establish the timeline, Enoch's age of 65 at Methuselah's birth is particularly significant because it marks the beginning of the 300 years during which he is explicitly said to have "walked with God" (Genesis 5:22). This suggests that the birth of Methuselah may have been a pivotal spiritual turning point or a catalyst for Enoch's deeper and sustained devotion to the Lord.
What is the traditional significance of Methuselah's name?
Methuselah's name is widely interpreted to mean "his death brings" or "man of the dart/spear." This interpretation holds profound significance because Methuselah lived longer than any other person recorded in the Bible (969 years), and his death coincided precisely with the year the Great Flood began (Genesis 7:6). This makes his name a subtle, yet powerful, prophetic hint at the impending divine judgment that would cleanse the earth.
How does this verse set up Enoch's later story?
By establishing Methuselah's birth, Genesis 5:21 serves as the crucial starting point for Enoch's unique spiritual journey. It immediately precedes the remarkable statement in Genesis 5:22 that Enoch "walked with God" for 300 years, and then the astonishing conclusion in Genesis 5:24 that "he was not; for God took him." This distinguishes Enoch from all other patriarchs in the chapter, each of whom concluded their entry with "and he died," highlighting Enoch's unparalleled relationship with God and his miraculous translation.
Why are genealogies so prevalent in Genesis?
Genealogies in Genesis serve multiple crucial purposes. They establish historical continuity, demonstrating God's faithfulness in preserving a lineage (particularly the line of promise that would lead to the Messiah). They provide a chronological framework for understanding the unfolding of God's plan of salvation, showing how humanity developed and diverged after the Fall. Furthermore, they emphasize the reality of human mortality and the pervasive impact of sin, while simultaneously highlighting God's sovereign hand in guiding history toward His redemptive purposes.
Christ-Centered Fulfillment
While Genesis 5:21 is a genealogical record, it plays a vital role in tracing the messianic lineage, directly connecting Enoch to the ancestry of Jesus Christ, as affirmed in Luke 3:37. More profoundly, Enoch's extraordinary "walk with God" and his translation without experiencing death, as highlighted in Hebrews 11:5, serves as a powerful prefigurement of Christ. Enoch's unique escape from death foreshadows Jesus' ultimate victory over death through His resurrection, offering eternal life to all who walk by faith in Him. Enoch's intimate communion with God, initiated by the event recorded in this verse, points to the ultimate and perfect communion with God that is fully realized only through Christ, who is the Way, the Truth, and the Life, enabling believers to truly "walk with God" in a new and living way (John 14:6).