2 Samuel 23:13

KJV

And three of the thirty chief went down, and came to David in the harvest time unto the cave of Adullam: and the troop of the Philistines pitched in the valley of Rephaim.

KJV (with Strong's)

And three {H7969}{H7970} of the thirty {H7970} chief {H7218} went down {H3381}, and came {H935} to David {H1732} in the harvest time {H7105} unto the cave {H4631} of Adullam {H5725}: and the troop {H2416} of the Philistines {H6430} pitched {H2583} in the valley {H6010} of Rephaim {H7497}.

Complete Jewish Bible

During harvest season three of the thirty leaders went down and came to David at the cave of 'Adulam when a company of P'lishtim had set up camp in the Refa'im Valley.

Berean Standard Bible

At harvest time, three of the thirty chief men went down to David at the cave of Adullam, while a company of Philistines was encamped in the Valley of Rephaim.

American Standard Version

And three of the thirty chief men went down, and came to David in the harvest time unto the cave of Adullam; and the troop of the Philistines was encamped in the valley of Rephaim.

Commentary

### SUMMARY
Second Samuel 23:13 introduces a poignant scene that sets the stage for one of the most celebrated acts of loyalty in David's reign. It describes the perilous circumstances under which David, likely still an outlaw or early in his kingship, found refuge in the formidable Cave of Adullam during harvest time. Simultaneously, it highlights the persistent threat posed by the Philistines, who had established a military presence in the strategically significant Valley of Rephaim, creating a tense backdrop for the extraordinary devotion of David's elite warriors.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** This verse serves as the immediate prelude to one of the most vivid anecdotes within the larger "Roll Call of David's Mighty Men" (2 Samuel 23:8-39). Following the "Last Words of David" (2 Samuel 23:1-7), which reflect on his reign and God's covenant, the list of his elite warriors provides concrete examples of the divine enablement and human loyalty that characterized his kingdom. Verse 13 specifically introduces the "Three" (Jashobeam, Eleazar, and Shammah, detailed in 2 Samuel 23:8-12) and their remarkable act of self-sacrificial devotion in fetching water for David. This narrative interlude not only illustrates the character of these men but also underscores David's magnetic leadership and the profound bond he shared with his most trusted companions, making the abstract list tangible and emotionally resonant.
* **Historical & Cultural Context:** The setting of 2 Samuel 23:13 places David in the **Cave of Adullam**, a natural fortress in the Shephelah region, southwest of Jerusalem. This location was famously a refuge for David when he was fleeing King Saul, where he gathered a motley crew of "distressed, in debt, and discontented" individuals who would form the nucleus of his future army ([1 Samuel 22:1-2](/1_samuel/22-1 "1 Samuel 22:1-2 - David at the Cave of Adullam")). The mention of "harvest time" is significant, as it was a period when agricultural work was intense, food supplies were being gathered, and military campaigns often occurred, as armies could forage more easily and the weather was favorable. The presence of the Philistines, Israel's perennial and formidable adversaries, in the **Valley of Rephaim** underscores the ongoing existential threat. This fertile plain, located southwest of Jerusalem, was a frequent battleground, notably where David had previously achieved decisive victories over the Philistines ([2 Samuel 5:17-25](/2_samuel/5-17 "2 Samuel 5:17-25 - David's Victories in the Valley of Rephaim")). Their encampment here indicates a strategic move to control key routes and agricultural land, highlighting the constant state of conflict.
* **Key Themes:** Several crucial themes emerge from this verse and its immediate context. The most prominent is **Unwavering Loyalty and Devotion**, exemplified by the "three of the thirty chief" who would soon risk their lives for David's simple desire. This highlights the profound bond between leader and follower, forged in adversity. Another key theme is **Leadership in Adversity**. David, though in a cave—a symbol of vulnerability and hiding—remains a powerful and inspiring figure, capable of eliciting extraordinary acts of bravery. His presence in Adullam, a place of refuge for the marginalized, underscores his ability to rally and transform a diverse group into a formidable force. Finally, the verse emphasizes **Persistent Conflict and Divine Providence**. The Philistine presence in the Valley of Rephaim serves as a stark reminder of the continuous struggle Israel faced. Yet, within this context of perpetual warfare, the narrative subtly points to God's guiding hand, protecting David and enabling the remarkable exploits of his men, ultimately securing the future of the kingdom. This foreshadows the ultimate triumph over adversaries, a theme found throughout the books of [Samuel](/1_samuel/1 "1 Samuel - The Rise of David") and [Kings](/1_kings/1 "1 Kings - The Divided Kingdom").

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
#### Key Word Analysis
* **Chief (Heb. גִּבֹּרִים, _gibborim_):** This plural noun, often translated as "mighty men," "heroes," or "valiant ones," signifies individuals of exceptional strength, courage, and military prowess. In the context of David's court, the _gibborim_ were an elite corps, distinguished not only by their physical capabilities but also by their unwavering loyalty and daring exploits. Their inclusion in this list underscores their legendary status and the high esteem in which they were held, serving as a testament to David's leadership in attracting and retaining such formidable warriors.
* **Adullam (Heb. עֲdֻלָּם, _‘Adullam_):** Meaning "refuge" or "justice of the people," Adullam was a significant cave and town in the Shephelah, a low-lying region between the Judean hills and the Philistine plain. For David, it was more than just a hideout; it was a formative place where he gathered a diverse group of outcasts and molded them into a loyal fighting force. It symbolizes a place of transformation, where vulnerability met leadership, and a future kingdom was forged from unlikely beginnings.
* **Rephaim (Heb. רְפָאִים, _Repha’im_):** This name refers to a fertile valley southwest of Jerusalem, a frequent battleground between Israel and the Philistines. The name itself is significant, as "Rephaim" can also refer to an ancient race of giants or powerful beings, suggesting a place of formidable adversaries and significant historical encounters. Its mention here emphasizes the gravity of the Philistine threat and the strategic importance of the location, often associated with decisive confrontations for control of the land.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"And three of the thirty chief went down,"**: This phrase introduces the specific heroes of the forthcoming anecdote, distinguishing them as the most elite within David's already elite "thirty" (a larger group of mighty men). The verb "went down" (יָרְדוּ, _yar'du_) implies a descent, possibly from higher ground or a more secure position, into a more vulnerable or lower-lying area, emphasizing the risk involved in their journey.
* **"and came to David in the harvest time unto the cave of Adullam:"**: This clause specifies the destination and the timing. Their journey was specifically "to David," highlighting their personal devotion. "Harvest time" (קְצִיר, _qatsir_) denotes a period of vulnerability for the land and its people, as crops are ripe and exposed, making military movements more strategic and potentially disruptive. David's location in the "cave of Adullam" underscores his precarious situation, yet also his established base of operations.
* **"and the troop of the Philistines pitched in the valley of Rephaim."**: This final clause establishes the immediate and formidable threat. The "troop" (חַיַּת, _ḥayyat_) refers to a Philistine garrison or raiding party, indicating an active and aggressive presence. Their encampment "in the valley of Rephaim" strategically positions them in a key agricultural and military corridor, directly threatening Jerusalem and the surrounding Judean territory, setting the stage for the daring act that follows.

#### Literary Devices
The verse effectively employs several literary devices to set the scene and heighten the narrative tension. **Juxtaposition** is evident in the contrast between David's vulnerable position in the "cave of Adullam" and the powerful, entrenched "troop of the Philistines pitched in the valley of Rephaim." This highlights the precariousness of David's situation and the formidable nature of his adversaries. The mention of "harvest time" serves as a form of **Symbolism**, indicating a period of both bounty and vulnerability, when the land's produce is exposed, mirroring David's own exposed position. The entire verse functions as a powerful **Foreshadowing** device, building anticipation for the heroic deed of the "three" that immediately follows (2 Samuel 23:14-17). It provides the necessary context and dramatic tension, framing their subsequent act of loyalty as one of extraordinary courage against overwhelming odds. The structure also uses **Narrative Framing**, presenting the general threat before detailing the specific act of devotion, thereby emphasizing the challenging circumstances under which such loyalty flourished.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
This verse, while seemingly a simple historical detail, is rich with theological implications. It underscores the profound value of loyal companionship and self-sacrificial devotion, not just in military contexts but in all aspects of life. David's ability to inspire such loyalty even from a place of vulnerability speaks to the nature of true, God-given leadership—one that draws people not by force or comfort, but by shared purpose, integrity, and a vision for God's kingdom. The constant threat from the Philistines reminds us that God's people often operate in a world hostile to their faith, requiring vigilance and courage. Yet, within this struggle, God's providence is at work, raising up faithful individuals to serve His purposes, demonstrating that even in the most challenging circumstances, divine plans unfold through human faithfulness. The scene foreshadows the ultimate loyalty required in serving God, where personal comfort is often secondary to the divine call.

* [Ruth 1:16-17](/ruth/1-16 "Ruth 1:16-17 - Ruth's Vow of Loyalty to Naomi")
* [John 15:13](/john/15-13 "John 15:13 - Greater Love Has No One Than This")
* [Ephesians 6:12](/ephesians/6-12 "Ephesians 6:12 - Our Struggle Against Spiritual Forces")

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
The narrative of 2 Samuel 23:13, setting the stage for an extraordinary act of devotion, challenges believers today to consider the depth of their own loyalties and the nature of their service. In a world often characterized by self-interest and fleeting commitments, the unwavering dedication of David's mighty men stands as a powerful testament to the value of faithful companionship and courageous service. It prompts us to ask: To whom or what are we truly devoted? Are we willing to step out of our comfort zones, even into "valleys of Rephaim," to serve a higher purpose or to support those in need? David, though in a cave, remained a magnetic leader because he embodied a cause greater than himself. Similarly, our lives should be lived for a cause that transcends personal gain, inspiring others through integrity, sacrifice, and a commitment to God's kingdom. This passage encourages us to cultivate deep, loyal relationships within our communities and to embrace the call to serve, knowing that true impact often comes from humble, courageous acts performed in challenging circumstances.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **What does "loyalty" truly mean in the context of your relationships and your faith, and how does this passage challenge your understanding of it?**
* **How does David's leadership in adversity inspire you to lead or serve in your own challenging circumstances?**
* **In what "valleys of Rephaim" (areas of conflict or opposition) might God be calling you to demonstrate courage and faithfulness today?**
* **What "simple desire" of God might you be overlooking, which, if pursued with radical devotion, could lead to profound spiritual impact?**

### FAQ
**Why is this specific event, seemingly a small detail, included in the list of David's mighty men?**

Answer: This event is included not merely as a historical anecdote but as a powerful illustration of the character and loyalty of David's elite warriors, the _gibborim_. The entire list in [2 Samuel 23:8-39](/2_samuel/23-8 "2 Samuel 23:8-39 - David's Mighty Men") is designed to showcase the extraordinary courage and devotion of these men, which was integral to David's success as king and a testament to God's blessing upon his reign. The story of the "Three" fetching water for David from Bethlehem (which follows in [2 Samuel 23:14-17](/2_samuel/23-14 "2 Samuel 23:14-17 - The Three Mighty Men Fetch Water")) is perhaps the most vivid and emotionally resonant example of their self-sacrificial love for their leader, making the abstract list of names and feats tangible and inspiring. It highlights the personal bond and mutual respect that defined David's inner circle.

**What is the significance of "harvest time" in this verse?**

Answer: The mention of "harvest time" is significant for several reasons. Culturally and militarily, harvest season was often a time of increased vulnerability and strategic importance. Crops were ripe in the fields, making them targets for raiding parties, and armies could more easily sustain themselves by foraging. For the Philistines, pitching in the Valley of Rephaim during harvest time would have been a strategic move to control valuable agricultural land and disrupt Israelite food supplies, potentially forcing a confrontation. For David and his men, it meant that resources might be scarce or difficult to acquire safely, and their movements would be more exposed. It adds a layer of practical danger to the already perilous situation, emphasizing the courage required for any movement or action.

**Was David still a fugitive from Saul at this point, or was he already king?**

Answer: While the exact timeline within David's life for this specific event is debated among scholars, the context strongly suggests that David was either still an outlaw fleeing King Saul or in the very early stages of his kingship, facing ongoing Philistine threats. The reference to the "cave of Adullam" is most famously associated with his fugitive period ([1 Samuel 22:1-2](/1_samuel/22-1 "1 Samuel 22:1-2 - David's Gathering at Adullam")), where he gathered his initial band of followers. Even after becoming king over Judah in Hebron, David faced continued Philistine incursions ([2 Samuel 5:17-25](/2_samuel/5-17 "2 Samuel 5:17-25 - David's Victories Over the Philistines")). The setting in Adullam, combined with the Philistine presence in Rephaim, paints a picture of a leader still very much in the midst of struggle and reliant on the fierce loyalty of his companions, rather than securely established on his throne in Jerusalem.

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
The scene in 2 Samuel 23:13, with David in the vulnerable Cave of Adullam and the Philistines entrenched in the Valley of Rephaim, powerfully foreshadows the ultimate refuge and victory found in Jesus Christ. David, gathering the distressed and discontented around him in a cave, serves as a type of Christ, who came not for the healthy but for the sick, calling sinners to repentance and offering refuge to all who are weary and burdened ([Matthew 9:12-13](/matthew/9-12 "Matthew 9:12-13 - Jesus Calls Sinners") and [Matthew 11:28](/matthew/11-28 "Matthew 11:28 - Come to Me, All Who Are Weary")). Just as David inspired radical loyalty from his mighty men, Jesus calls for absolute devotion from His disciples, promising that those who lose their life for His sake will find it ([Matthew 10:39](/matthew/10-39 "Matthew 10:39 - Losing Life for Christ's Sake")). The Philistine troop in the Valley of Rephaim represents the persistent spiritual adversaries—sin, death, and the powers of darkness—that humanity faces. Christ, however, is the true Mighty Warrior who decisively defeated these enemies, not by physical might in a valley, but through His ultimate sacrifice on the cross and His glorious resurrection, triumphing over all principalities and powers ([Colossians 2:15](/colossians/2-15 "Colossians 2:15 - Christ's Triumph Over Powers")). He is the living water who satisfies the deepest thirst of the soul, far surpassing any physical water fetched at great risk, offering eternal life to all who believe ([John 4:10-14](/john/4-10 "John 4:10-14 - Jesus Offers Living Water") and [John 7:37-38](/john/7-37 "John 7:37-38 - Rivers of Living Water")). Thus, 2 Samuel 23:13 points us to Christ as our ultimate refuge, our inspiring leader, and the one who has secured our decisive victory over all our spiritual foes.

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

1 Samuel 22:1

¶ David therefore departed thence, and escaped to the cave Adullam: and when his brethren and all his father's house heard [it], they went down thither to him.

2 Samuel 5:18

The Philistines also came and spread themselves in the valley of Rephaim.

Joshua 12:15

The king of Libnah, one; the king of Adullam, one;

2 Samuel 5:22

And the Philistines came up yet again, and spread themselves in the valley of Rephaim.

Micah 1:15

Yet will I bring an heir unto thee, O inhabitant of Mareshah: he shall come unto Adullam the glory of Israel.

Joshua 15:35

Jarmuth, and Adullam, Socoh, and Azekah,

Isaiah 17:5

And it shall be as when the harvestman gathereth the corn, and reapeth the ears with his arm; and it shall be as he that gathereth ears in the valley of Rephaim.