2 Samuel 23:13

And three of the thirty chief went down, and came to David in the harvest time unto the cave of Adullam: and the troop of the Philistines pitched in the valley of Rephaim.

And three {H7969}{H7970} of the thirty {H7970} chief {H7218} went down {H3381}, and came {H935} to David {H1732} in the harvest time {H7105} unto the cave {H4631} of Adullam {H5725}: and the troop {H2416} of the Philistines {H6430} pitched {H2583} in the valley {H6010} of Rephaim {H7497}.

During harvest season three of the thirty leaders went down and came to David at the cave of 'Adulam when a company of P'lishtim had set up camp in the Refa'im Valley.

At harvest time, three of the thirty chief men went down to David at the cave of Adullam, while a company of Philistines was encamped in the Valley of Rephaim.

And three of the thirty chief men went down, and came to David in the harvest time unto the cave of Adullam; and the troop of the Philistines was encamped in the valley of Rephaim.

Commentary

2 Samuel 23:13 introduces a pivotal moment involving David and three of his most valiant warriors, setting the stage for a remarkable act of loyalty. This verse is part of a larger section (2 Samuel 23:8-39) dedicated to chronicling the deeds of David's mighty men, an elite group of soldiers renowned for their courage and devotion.

Historical and Cultural Context

The scene is set during a critical period in David's life, likely when he was still an outlaw or fugitive, seeking refuge from King Saul, or during later conflicts with the Philistines. The mention of "harvest time" suggests a period when food supplies were crucial and military movements might be strategic due to resource availability. David is located in the Cave of Adullam, a natural fortress that served as a significant hideout and gathering place for those who were distressed, in debt, or discontented, forming the nucleus of his future army (compare 1 Samuel 22:2). Simultaneously, the Philistines, Israel's perennial adversaries, had established a presence in the Valley of Rephaim, a fertile plain southwest of Jerusalem, often a battleground for significant confrontations.

Key Themes and Messages

  • Unwavering Loyalty: The verse highlights the profound devotion of "three of the thirty chief" to David. Their willingness to "go down" to him, despite the Philistine presence, speaks volumes about their commitment and trust in their leader.
  • Leadership in Adversity: Even while in a cave, a symbol of hiding and vulnerability, David remained a magnetic figure, inspiring incredible acts of bravery and loyalty from his followers. His presence at Adullam underscores his ability to rally support and lead even in the most challenging circumstances.
  • Persistent Conflict: The Philistines' encampment in the Valley of Rephaim serves as a stark reminder of the constant threat Israel faced from its enemies. This ongoing struggle for land and security was a defining feature of this era.

Linguistic Insights

The phrase "three of the thirty chief" refers to the elite group of David's warriors. In Hebrew, these are often called the gibborim (גִּבֹּרִים), meaning "mighty men" or "valiant ones." This term emphasizes their exceptional strength, courage, and military prowess. Their inclusion in this list of David's heroes underscores their legendary status and the high regard in which they were held.

Practical Application

The narrative of 2 Samuel 23:13 offers timeless lessons for believers today:

  • Faithful Companionship: It reminds us of the value of loyal relationships and surrounding ourselves with those who stand with us, especially during trials.
  • Leadership and Service: David's example shows that true leadership isn't always about power or comfort, but about inspiring others through integrity and shared purpose, even from a place of difficulty.
  • Spiritual Warfare: Just as David and his men faced physical adversaries, believers are called to recognize and stand firm against spiritual battles (Ephesians 6:12). The commitment of David's men can inspire us to be equally dedicated in our spiritual walk.
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Please note that only the commentary section is AI-generated β€” the main Scripture and cross-references are stored on the site and are from trusted and verified sources.

Cross-References

  • 1 Samuel 22:1

    ΒΆ David therefore departed thence, and escaped to the cave Adullam: and when his brethren and all his father's house heard [it], they went down thither to him.

  • 2 Samuel 5:18

    The Philistines also came and spread themselves in the valley of Rephaim.

  • Joshua 12:15

    The king of Libnah, one; the king of Adullam, one;

  • 2 Samuel 5:22

    And the Philistines came up yet again, and spread themselves in the valley of Rephaim.

  • Micah 1:15

    Yet will I bring an heir unto thee, O inhabitant of Mareshah: he shall come unto Adullam the glory of Israel.

  • Joshua 15:35

    Jarmuth, and Adullam, Socoh, and Azekah,

  • Isaiah 17:5

    And it shall be as when the harvestman gathereth the corn, and reapeth the ears with his arm; and it shall be as he that gathereth ears in the valley of Rephaim.
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