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Commentary on 2 Samuel 22 verses 2–51
Let us observe, in this song of praise,
I. How David adores God, and gives him the glory of his infinite perfections. There is none like him, nor any to be compared with him (Sa2 22:32): Who is God, save the Lord? All others that are adored as deities are counterfeits and pretenders. None is to be relied on but he. Who is a rock, save our God? They are dead, but the Lord liveth, Sa2 22:47. They disappoint their worshippers when they most need them. But as for God his way is perfect, Sa2 22:31. Men begin in kindness, but end not - promise, but perform not; but God will finish his work, and his word is tried, and what we may trust.
II. How he triumphs in the interest he has in this God, and his relation to him, which he lays down as the foundation of all the benefits he has received from him: He is my God; as such he cries to him (Sa2 22:7), and cleaves to him (Sa2 22:22); "and, if my God, then my rock" (Sa2 22:2), that is, "my strength and my power (Sa2 22:33), the rock under which I take shelter (he who is to me as the shadow of a great rock in a weary land), the rock on which I build my hope," Sa2 22:3. Whatever is my strength and support, it is the God of my rock that makes it so; nay, he is the God of the rock of my salvation (Sa2 22:47): my saving strength is in him and from him. David often hid himself in a rock (Sa1 24:2), but God was his chief hiding-place. "He is my fortress, in which I am safe and think myself so - my high tower, or stronghold, in which I am out of the reach of real evils - the tower of salvation (Sa2 22:51), which can never be sealed nor battered, nor undermined. Salvation itself saves me. Am I in distress? he is my deliverer - struck at, shot at? he is my shield - pursued? he is my refuge - oppressed? he is my saviour, that rescues me out of the hand of those that seek my ruin. Nay, he is the horn of my salvation, by which I am strongly protected, and my enemies are strongly pushed." Christ is spoken of as the horn of salvation in the house of David, Luk 1:69. "Am I burdened, and ready to sink? The Lord is my stay (Sa2 22:19), by whom I am supported. Am I in the dark, benighted, at a loss? Thou art my lamp, O Lord! to show me my way, and thou wilt dispel my darkness," Sa2 22:29. If we sincerely take the Lord for our God, all this, and much more, he will be to us, all we need and can desire.
III. What improvement he makes of his interest in God. If he be mine, 1. In him will I trust (Sa2 22:3), that is, "I will resign myself to his direction, and then depend upon his power, and wisdom, and goodness, to conduct me well." 2. On him I will call (Sa2 22:4), for he is worthy to be praised. What we have found in God that is worthy to be praised should engage us to pray to him and give glory to him. 3. To him will I give thanks (Sa2 22:50), and that publicly. When he was among the heathen he would neither be afraid nor ashamed to own his obligations to the God of Israel.
IV. The full and large account he keeps for himself, and gives to others, of the great and kind things God had done for him. This takes up most of the song. He gives God the glory both of his deliverances and of his successes, showing both the perils he was delivered from and the power he was advanced to.
1.He magnifies the great salvations God had wrought for him. God sometimes brings his people into very great difficulties and dangers, that he may have the honour of saving them and they the comfort of being saved by him. He owns, Thou hast saved me from violence (Sa2 22:3), from my enemies (Sa2 22:4), from my strong enemy, meaning Saul, who, if God had not succoured him, would have been too hard for him, Sa2 22:18. Thou hast given me the shield of thy salvation, Sa2 22:36. To magnify the salvation, he observes,
(1.)That the danger was very great and threatening out of which he was delivered. Men rose up against him (Sa2 22:40, Sa2 22:49) that hated him (Sa2 22:41), a violent man (Sa2 22:49) namely, Saul, who was malicious in his designs against him and vigorous in his pursuit. This is expressed figuratively, Sa2 22:5, Sa2 22:6. He was surrounded with death on every side, threatened to be overwhelmed, and saw no way of escape. So violently did the waves of death beat upon him, so strongly did the cords and snares of death hold him, that he could not help himself, any more than a man in the grave can. The floods of Belial, the wicked one, and his wicked instruments, made him afraid; he trembled to see not only earth, but death and hell, in arms against him.
(2.)That his deliverance was an answer to prayer, Sa2 22:7. He has here left us a good example, when we are in distress, to cry unto God with importunity, as children in a fright cry to their parents; and great encouragement to do so, in that he found God ready to answer prayer out of his temple in heaven, where he is continually served and adored.
(3.)That God appeared in a singular and extraordinary manner for him and against his enemies. The expressions are borrowed from the descent of the divine Majesty upon Mount Sinai, Sa2 22:8, Sa2 22:9, etc. We do not find that in any of David's battles God fought for him with thunder (as in Samuel's time), or with hail (as in Joshua's time), or with the stars in their courses (as in Deborah's time); but these lofty metaphors are used, [1.] To set forth the glory of God, which was manifested in his deliverance. God's wisdom and power, his goodness and faithfulness, his justice and holiness, and his sovereign dominion over all the creatures and all the counsels of men, which appeared in favour of David, were as clear and bright a discovery of God's glory to an eye of faith as such miraculous interpositions would have been to an eye of sense. [2.] To set forth God's displeasure against his enemies, God so espoused his cause that he showed himself an enemy to all his enemies; his anger is set forth by a smoke out of his nostrils, and fire out of his mouth (Sa2 22:9), coals kindled (Sa2 22:13), arrows, Sa2 22:15. Who knows the power and terror of his wrath? [3.] To set forth the extraordinary confusion which his enemies were put into, and the consternation that seized them; as if the earth had trembled and the foundations of the world had been discovered, Sa2 22:8, Sa2 22:16. Who can stand before God when he is angry? [4.] To show how ready God was to help him: He rode upon a cherub and did fly, Sa2 22:11. God hastened to his succour, and came to him with seasonable relief, though he had seemed at a distance; yet he was a God hiding himself (Isa 14:15), for he made darkness his pavilion (Sa2 22:12), for the amazement of his enemies and the protection of his own people.
(4.)That God manifested his particular favour and kindness to him in these deliverances (Sa2 22:20): He delivered me, because he delighted in me. The deliverance came not from common providence, but covenant-love; he was herein treated as a favourite: so he perceived by the communications of divine grace and comfort to his soul with these deliverances, and the communion he had with God in them. Herein he was a type of Christ, whom God upheld because he delighted in him, Isa 42:1, Isa 42:2.
2.He magnifies the great successes God had crowned him with. He had not only preserved but prospered him. He was blessed, (1.) With liberty and enlargement. He was brought into a large place (Sa2 22:20), where he had room to thrive, and his steps were enlarged under him, so that he had room to stir (Sa2 22:37), being no longer straitened and confined. (2.) With military skill, and strength, and swiftness. Though he was bred up to the crook, he was well instructed in the arts of war and qualified for the toils and perils of it. God, having called him to fight his battles, qualified him for the service. He made him very ingenious (He teacheth my hands to war, Sa2 22:35. And this ingenuity was as good as strength, for it follows, "so that a bow of steel is broken by my arms," not so much by main force as by dexterity), and very vigorous and valiant. (Thou hast girded me with strength to battle, Sa2 22:40. He gives God the glory of all his courage and ability for service), and very expeditious: He maketh my feet swift like hinds feet (Sa2 22:34), which is of great advantage both in charging and retreating. (3.) With victory over his enemies, not only Saul and Absalom, but the Philistines, Moabites, Ammonites, Syrians, and other neighbouring nations, whom he subdued and made tributaries to Israel. His wonderful victories are here described, Sa2 22:38-43. They were speedy victories (I turned not again till I had consumed them, Sa2 22:38) and complete victories. The enemies of Israel were wounded, destroyed, consumed, fell under his feet, trampled upon, and disabled to rise, and their necks lay at his mercy. They cried both to earth and heaven for help, but in vain. There was none to save, none that durst appear for them. God answered them, not for they were not on his side, nor did they cry unto him till they were brought to the last extremity. Being thus abandoned, they became an easy prey to David's righteous and victorious sword, so that he beat them as small as the dust of the earth, which is scattered by the wind and trodden on by every foot. (4.) With advancement to honour and power. To this he was anointed before his troubles began, and at length, post tot discrimina rerum - after all his dangers and disasters, he gained his point. God made his way perfect (Sa2 22:33), gave him success in all his undertakings, set him upon his high places (Sa2 22:34), denoting both safety and dignity. God's gentleness, his grace and tender mercy, made him great (Sa2 22:36), gave him great wealth, and great authority, and a name like that of the great men of the earth. He was kept to be the head of the heathen (Sa2 22:44); his signal preservations evinced that he was designed and reserved for something great - to rule over all Israel, notwithstanding the strivings of the people, and so that those whom he had not known should serve him, many of the nations that lay remote. Thus he was lifted up on high, as high as the throne, above those that rose up against him, Sa2 22:49.
V. The comfortable reflections he makes upon his own integrity, which God, by those wonderful deliverances, had graciously owned and witnessed to, Sa2 22:21-25. He means especially his integrity with reference to Saul and Ishbosheth, Absalom and Sheba, and those who either opposed his coming to the crown or endeavoured to dethrone him. They falsely accused him and misrepresented him, but he had the testimony of this conscience for him that he was not an ambitious aspiring man, a false and bloody man, as they called him, - that he had never taken any indirect unlawful courses to secure or raise himself, but in his whole conduct had kept in the way of his duty, - and that in the whole course of his conversation he had, for the main, made religion his business, so that he could take God's favours to him as the rewards of his righteousness, not of debt, but of grace. God had recompensed him, though not for his righteousness, as if that had merited any thing at the hand of God, yet according to his righteousness, which he was well pleased with, and had an eye to. His conscience witnessed for him, 1. That he had made the word of God his rule, and had kept to it, Sa2 22:23. Wherever he was, God's judgments were before him as his guide; whithersoever he went, he took his religion along with him, and though he was forced to depart from his country, and sent, as it were, to serve other gods, yet as for God's statutes, he did not depart from them, but kept the way of the Lord and walked in it. 2. That he had carefully avoided the bye-paths of sin. He had not wickedly departed from his God. He could not say but that he had taken some false steps, but he had not deserted God, nor forsaken his way. Sins of infirmity he could not acquit himself from, but the grace of God had kept him from presumptuous sins. Though he had sometimes weakly departed from his God. By this it appeared that he was upright before God, or to God (in his sight, and with an eye to him), that he kept himself from his own iniquity, not only from that particular sin of killing Saul when it was in the power of his hand to do it, but, in general, he was afraid of sin and watchful against it, and made conscience of what he said and did. The matter of Uriah is an exception (Kg1 15:5), like that in Hezekiah's character, Ch2 32:31. Note, A careful abstaining from our own iniquity is one of the best evidences of our own integrity; and the testimony of our conscience for us that we have done so will be such a rejoicing as will not only lessen the griefs of an afflicted state, but increase the comforts of a prosperous state. David reflected with more comfort upon his victories over his own iniquity than upon his conquest of Goliath and all the hosts of the uncircumcised Philistines; and the witness of his own heart to his uprightness was sweeter though more silent music than theirs that sang, David has slain his ten thousands. If a great man be a good man, his goodness will be much more his satisfaction than his greatness. Let favour be shown to the upright and his uprightness will sweeten it, will double it.
VI. The comfortable prospects he has of God's further favour. As he looks back, so he looks forward, with pleasure, and assures himself of the kindness God has in store for all the saints, for himself, and also for his seed.
1.For all good people, Sa2 22:26-28. As God had dealt with him according to his uprightness, so he will with all others. He takes occasion here to lay down the established rules of God's procedure with the children of men: -
(1.)That he will do good to those that are upright in their hearts. As we are found towards God, he will be found towards us. [1.] God's mercy and grace will be the joy of those that are merciful and gracious. Even the merciful need mercy; and they shall obtain it. [2.] God's uprightness, his justice and faithfulness, will be the joy of those that are upright, just, and faithful, both towards God and man. [3.] God's purity and holiness will be the joy of those that are pure and holy, who therefore give thanks at the remembrance thereof. And, if any of these good people be afflicted people, he will save them, either out of their afflictions or by and after them. On the other hand,
(2.)That those who turn aside to crooked ways he will lead forth with the workers of iniquity, as he says in another psalm. With the froward he will wrestle; and those with whom God wrestles are sure to be foiled. Woe unto him that strives with his Maker! God will walk contrary to those that walk contrary to him and be displeased with those that are displeased with him. As for the haughty, his eyes are upon them, marking them out, as it were, to be brought down; for he resists the proud.
2.For himself. He foresaw that his conquests and kingdom would be yet further enlarged, Sa2 22:45, Sa2 22:46. Even the sons of the stranger, that would hear the report of his victories and the tokens of God's presence with him, would be possessed with a fear of him, would be forced to submit to him, though feignedly, and would be obedient to him. The successes which he had had he looked upon as earnests of more and means of more. Who durst oppose him by whom so many had been overcome? Thus the Son of David goes on conquering and to conquer, Rev 6:2. His gospel, which has been victorious, shall be so more and more.
3.For his seed: He showeth mercy to his Messiah (Sa2 22:51), not only to David himself, but to that seed of his for evermore. David was himself anointed of God, not a usurper, but duly called to the government and qualified for it; therefore he doubted not but God would show mercy to him, that mercy which he had promised not to take from him nor from his posterity (Sa2 7:15, Sa2 7:16); on that promise he depends, with an eye to Christ, who alone is his seed for evermore, whose throne and kingdom still continue, and will to the end, whereas the seed and lineage of David are long since extinct. See Psa 89:28, Psa 89:29. Thus all his joys and all his hopes terminate, as ours should, in the great Redeemer.
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SUMMARY
2 Samuel 22:42, a poignant verse within David's grand psalm of deliverance, starkly portrays the utter desperation and ultimate futility of his enemies. Despite their frantic search for any form of rescue, they found no human aid, and even their desperate cries to the Lord, whom they had opposed, were met with divine silence. This verse powerfully underscores the inescapable judgment awaiting those who resist God's anointed and highlights the absolute sovereignty of God, whose deliberate refusal to answer seals the fate of those who stand against His righteous purposes.
CONTEXT
Literary Context: This verse is deeply embedded within King David's magnificent "Song of Deliverance," which is recorded in 2 Samuel 22 and almost identically in Psalm 18. The psalm serves as a profound expression of thanksgiving and praise to Yahweh for His consistent and powerful rescue of David from all his adversaries, particularly from the hand of King Saul and various hostile nations. The preceding verses (2 Samuel 22:38-41) vividly describe David's triumph, empowered by God, over his enemies, whom he "pursued and overtook" and "consumed and destroyed." Verse 42 then presents the inverse perspective: the enemies' desperate and futile search for salvation, emphasizing their complete inability to escape God's judgment, a stark and powerful contrast to David's experience of unwavering divine intervention and deliverance.
Historical & Cultural Context: David's life was characterized by relentless persecution and conflict, initially from King Saul, then from surrounding foreign enemies like the Philistines, and later from internal rebellions, most notably Absalom's revolt. This psalm likely reflects a culmination of these tumultuous experiences, celebrating God's unwavering faithfulness throughout his reign. In ancient Near Eastern warfare, the defeat of an enemy was consistently attributed to the superior power and favor of one's deity. David's song, therefore, not only celebrates his military victories but also profoundly magnifies Yahweh as the true divine warrior and supreme deliverer. The concept of seeking "salvation" or "deliverance" from a deity was common across cultures, but here, the enemies' cries to the Lord are met with deliberate silence, signifying divine rejection and judgment—a powerful cultural and theological statement on the ultimate consequences of opposing God's chosen king and, by extension, God Himself.
Key Themes: The verse significantly contributes to several overarching themes within 2 Samuel. Divine Sovereignty and Justice are paramount, illustrating that God ultimately controls the destinies of both nations and individuals. Those who oppose His anointed will find no refuge or escape from His righteous judgment, as seen in the broader narrative of David's rise to power and the subsequent fall of his adversaries. It also powerfully highlights the Futility of Human Opposition to God's Will, demonstrating unequivocally that no human strength, alliance, or desperate plea can stand against the Lord's determined purposes. This stands in stark contrast to the theme of God's Faithfulness to His Covenant People, exemplified by His consistent deliverance of David, who cried out to Him and was heard (2 Samuel 22:7). The Lord's deliberate silence to the enemies' pleas underscores the profound difference between His response to the righteous and the unrighteous, a principle echoed throughout the Psalms and the broader biblical narrative.
EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
Key Word Analysis
Verse Breakdown
Literary Devices
2 Samuel 22:42 employs several potent Literary Devices to convey its message of divine judgment and the utter futility of opposition. The most prominent is Parallelism, specifically synonymous parallelism, where the two clauses "They looked, but [there was] none to save" and "[even] unto the LORD, but he answered them not" convey the same core idea of a desperate, unavailing search for help. This structural repetition powerfully reinforces the completeness of the enemies' abandonment and their inescapable doom. There is also a strong element of Irony present; the enemies, who have actively opposed God's chosen king and thus God Himself, are depicted as finally turning to the Lord for salvation, only to be met with His decisive silence. This highlights their ultimate folly and the just recompense for their rebellion. Furthermore, the concept of God "answering" or "not answering" employs a subtle Anthropomorphism, attributing human-like communication (or lack thereof) to God, making His judgment more relatable and impactful to the human reader. The verse's concise and direct language also contributes to its powerful, declarative tone, leaving no ambiguity about the enemies' predetermined and just fate.
THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
This verse powerfully articulates the theological principle of divine retribution and the ultimate futility of human rebellion against God's sovereign will. It teaches that there comes a point when God's patience is exhausted, and His judgment is set, leading to a state where even desperate pleas for mercy are met with silence. This is not arbitrary cruelty but a just consequence for persistent rejection of His authority and opposition to His purposes, especially as manifested through His chosen instruments. The Lord's refusal to answer signifies His active condemnation, sealing the fate of those who have hardened their hearts against Him and His anointed.
REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
2 Samuel 22:42 serves as a profound and sobering reminder of God's unwavering justice and the critical importance of seeking Him genuinely and repentantly while He may be found. It underscores the perilous state of those who consistently reject His ways, oppose His will, or stand against His people. The divine silence depicted here is not an absence of God, but a powerful, active judgment – a terrifying consequence for those whose hearts are hardened beyond repentance. For believers, this verse offers both a warning and a comfort: a warning against presuming upon God's grace or taking His patience for granted, and a comfort in knowing that the Lord is indeed sovereign and will ultimately vindicate His righteous cause and His faithful servants. It calls us to examine our own lives, ensuring that our posture before God is one of humility, obedience, and sincere reliance, rather than defiant opposition that will ultimately lead to an unanswerable cry. This passage compels us to consider the eternal implications of our choices and to embrace the opportunity for reconciliation while it is still available, lest we too face the terrifying silence of a just God.
Questions for Reflection
FAQ
Does God ever truly refuse to answer prayers, or is this just a poetic description of the enemies' despair?
Answer: While the language is indeed poetic and powerful, the theological message conveyed is profoundly literal: God can and does refuse to answer the prayers of those who are in active, persistent rebellion against Him, especially when those prayers are not accompanied by genuine repentance or are made from a position of unrighteousness. This is not a sign of God's indifference or inability, but rather an act of divine justice and a demonstration of His holy character. Throughout Scripture, there are instances where God "shuts His ears" to the cries of the wicked or those who have persistently rejected His warnings and overtures of grace (Proverbs 1:28, Isaiah 59:2). His silence here in 2 Samuel 22:42 signifies a final, decisive judgment against those who have opposed His anointed king and, by extension, His divine will. It underscores that there are severe and eternal consequences for persistent sin and rebellion, and that God is not obligated to rescue those who have defiantly set themselves against Him and His righteous rule.
CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
2 Samuel 22:42, with its stark depiction of enemies crying out to the Lord but receiving no answer, finds its ultimate Christ-centered fulfillment in the profound contrast between those who reject Christ and those who embrace Him in faith. Jesus, the true and greater David, is the ultimate "anointed one" (Messiah) whom humanity has either accepted or opposed. For those who defiantly reject the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world, there will inevitably come a day of ultimate judgment where their desperate cries for salvation will go tragically unanswered. Jesus Himself warned of a time when many would say, "Lord, Lord, did we not prophesy in your name...?" only to hear Him declare, "I never knew you; depart from me". This echoes the divine silence of 2 Samuel 22:42, signifying a final, irreversible condemnation for those who have spurned His gracious offer of salvation. Conversely, for those who truly believe in Him and call upon His name in genuine repentance, He promises, "Ask, and it will be given to you; seek, and you will find; knock, and it will be opened to you", demonstrating that His ears are always open to the repentant heart and that He is always ready to save those who come to Him in faith (Romans 10:13). Thus, the verse powerfully foreshadows Christ's dual role as both the merciful Savior for those who call upon His name in faith and the righteous Judge who will justly silence the pleas of those who have persistently rejected His redemptive reign and divine authority.