2 Chronicles 23:16

KJV

And Jehoiada made a covenant between him, and between all the people, and between the king, that they should be the LORD'S people.

KJV (with Strong's)

And Jehoiada {H3077} made {H3772} a covenant {H1285} between him, and between all the people {H5971}, and between the king {H4428}, that they should be the LORD'S {H3068} people {H5971}.

Complete Jewish Bible

Y'hoyada made a covenant between himself, all the people and the king, that they would be ADONAI's people.

Berean Standard Bible

Then Jehoiada made a covenant between himself and the king and the people that they would be the LORD’s people.

American Standard Version

And Jehoiada made a covenant between himself, and all the people, and the king, that they should be Jehovah’s people.

Commentary

### SUMMARY
Following the dramatic overthrow of the idolatrous Queen Athaliah, High Priest Jehoiada orchestrated a pivotal covenant among himself, the newly crowned King Joash, and all the people of Judah. This solemn agreement served as a formal re-establishment of the nation's allegiance to Yahweh, binding them together in a renewed commitment to be exclusively "the LORD'S people" and to decisively reject the pervasive Baal worship that had corrupted the land during Athaliah's oppressive reign.

### CONTEXT
* **Literary Context:** This verse marks the spiritual and theological climax of a dramatic political and religious coup. It immediately follows the coronation of the rightful Davidic heir, Joash, and the swift execution of the usurper Queen Athaliah, as detailed in [2 Chronicles 23:11-15](/2-chronicles/23-11-15 "2 Chronicles 23:11-15 - Joash Crowned and Athaliah Executed"). Having secured the physical throne and purged the immediate threat to the Davidic line, Jehoiada, acting with profound spiritual insight, shifts the focus to the spiritual restoration of the nation. The covenant described here is not merely a symbolic gesture but a foundational act that sets the stage for the subsequent decisive actions outlined in [2 Chronicles 23:17-18](/2-chronicles/23-17-18 "2 Chronicles 23:17-18 - Destruction of Baal Worship and Temple Restoration"), which include the destruction of Baal's temple and altars, the slaying of Baal's priest, and the systematic re-establishment of proper temple service under Jehoiada's meticulous guidance. This covenant provides the theological mandate for the reforms that follow.
* **Historical & Cultural Context:** The period preceding this verse was one of severe spiritual apostasy and political instability in Judah. Queen Athaliah, daughter of the infamous Ahab and Jezebel of Israel, had seized the throne and reigned for six years, actively promoting Baal worship and attempting to eradicate the Davidic royal line ([2 Chronicles 22:10](/2-chronicles/22-10 "2 Chronicles 22:10 - Athaliah Destroys Royal Seed")). This was a direct assault on both the Mosaic and Davidic covenants, threatening the very identity and future of Judah as God's chosen people. Jehoiada, the High Priest, played a courageous and strategic role in preserving the young prince Joash for six years ([2 Chronicles 22:11-12](/2-chronicles/22-11-12 "2 Chronicles 22:11-12 - Joash Hidden in the Temple")) and orchestrating the coup. The making of a covenant was a well-established practice in ancient Israel, deeply rooted in their history, often serving to renew the foundational covenant God made with them at Sinai ([Exodus 24](/exodus/24 "Exodus 24 - The Covenant at Sinai")). This act was a powerful public declaration of Judah's return to its unique identity and obligations under Yahweh, a rejection of foreign idolatry, and a reassertion of divine sovereignty over the nation.
* **Key Themes:** The central theme is **Covenant Renewal**, highlighting Israel's cyclical relationship with Yahweh, often re-established after periods of national apostasy. This act underscores the critical importance of **Righteous Leadership**, as Jehoiada's faithfulness, wisdom, and decisive actions were instrumental in guiding both the young King Joash and the entire nation back to God's ways, demonstrating the profound impact a spiritually committed leader can have. The core purpose, "that they should be the LORD'S people," emphasizes **National Identity and Divine Ownership**, reminding Judah of its unique status as a chosen nation, distinct from the idolatrous nations around them, and called to exclusive worship of Yahweh. This covenant directly leads to the **Restoration of True Worship**, as the people's renewed commitment to God is immediately followed by the dismantling of Baal worship and the re-establishment of proper temple service, as seen in [2 Chronicles 23:17-18](/2-chronicles/23-17-18 "2 Chronicles 23:17-18 - Destruction of Baal Worship and Temple Restoration"), demonstrating the practical outworking of their spiritual allegiance and the purification of the land.

### EXPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
#### Key Word Analysis
* **covenant (Hebrew, _bᵉrîyth'_):** This term (H1285, בְּרִית) signifies a solemn, binding agreement or treaty, often established by an oath and involving mutual obligations and promises. Derived from a root meaning "to cut," it alludes to ancient practices of cutting animals and passing between the pieces, symbolizing the dire consequences of breaking the agreement. In biblical theology, a covenant defines God's relationship with humanity or specific groups (e.g., Noahic, Abrahamic, Mosaic, Davidic). Here, it represents a profound renewal of the Mosaic covenant, re-establishing Judah's commitment to Yahweh as their exclusive God after a period of severe apostasy. This act mirrors the original covenant ceremony at Sinai where Israel pledged allegiance to God ([Exodus 24:3-8](/exodus/24-3-8 "Exodus 24:3-8 - The People's Pledge to the Covenant")), reinforcing their identity as a people set apart.
* **made (Hebrew, _kârath'_):** The verb (H3772, כָּרַת) means "to cut," and when used with "covenant" (bᵉrîyth), it forms the idiom "to cut a covenant." This emphasizes the solemnity and binding nature of the agreement, often involving a sacrificial cutting, symbolizing the life-and-death stakes of the oath. Jehoiada's act of "cutting" this covenant underscores his authoritative role in initiating a profound, life-altering commitment for the nation, restoring a broken relationship with their divine King.
* **the LORD'S people (Hebrew, _ʻam Yᵉhôvâh'_):** This phrase (H5971, עַם; H3068, יְהוָה) denotes a consecrated and chosen status, signifying divine ownership and a unique, intimate relationship with Yahweh. It emphasizes Israel's identity as a people set apart for God's purposes, called to live in obedience to His laws and to worship Him alone. This identity was a core aspect of their national and spiritual existence, distinguishing them from all other nations and reinforcing their divine mission to bear witness to God's character and truth. The re-establishment of this identity was crucial after Athaliah's reign sought to erase it.

#### Verse Breakdown
* **"And Jehoiada made a covenant":** This opening clause highlights the High Priest Jehoiada's central and authoritative role as the orchestrator and mediator of this significant spiritual and national renewal. His actions are not merely political but deeply theological, initiating a sacred commitment that would redefine Judah's relationship with God and restore the nation's spiritual compass. His leadership is pivotal in turning the tide of apostasy.
* **"between him, and between all the people, and between the king":** The covenant is explicitly tripartite, involving Jehoiada (representing God's law and the priestly authority), King Joash (representing the Davidic monarchy and temporal leadership), and "all the people" (representing the collective will and commitment of the nation). This inclusivity demonstrates a comprehensive national recommitment to Yahweh, ensuring that both spiritual and political leadership, along with the populace, are aligned in their renewed allegiance, forming a unified front against idolatry and for true worship.
* **"that they should be the LORD'S people.":** This final clause states the profound purpose and desired outcome of the covenant. It is a powerful reaffirmation of Judah's foundational identity and destiny—to be exclusively dedicated to Yahweh, living in accordance with His commands and serving as His chosen nation. This declaration directly counters the idolatry and apostasy of Athaliah's reign, marking a decisive return to their true heritage and divine purpose, underscoring the covenant's theological significance as a re-consecration of the nation to God.

#### Literary Devices
The passage effectively uses **Covenant Theology** as a central framework, drawing upon the deep-seated understanding of covenants in Israelite history to signify a profound re-establishment of the nation's relationship with God. The narrative employs a strong sense of **Contrast**, sharply juxtaposing the preceding six years of idolatrous rule under Athaliah with the immediate and decisive spiritual reform initiated by Jehoiada. This highlights the dramatic shift from apostasy to renewed faithfulness and the urgent need for divine intervention. The phrase "the LORD'S people" functions as a powerful **Emblematic Phrase**, encapsulating the core identity and purpose of Israel, serving as a theological anchor for the entire reform movement and a rallying cry for national repentance. The **Tripartite Structure** of the covenant (Jehoiada, king, people) emphasizes the comprehensive and inclusive nature of this national commitment, ensuring all levels of society are bound to the agreement and participate in the spiritual restoration.

### THEOLOGICAL AND THEMATIC CONNECTIONS
This covenant renewal in [2 Chronicles 23:16](/2-chronicles/23-16 "2 Chronicles 23:16 - Jehoiada's Covenant") serves as a powerful reminder of God's enduring faithfulness to His covenant people, even when they stray. It underscores the profound principle that national and individual well-being are intrinsically linked to obedience and exclusive allegiance to Yahweh. This act echoes the foundational covenant at Sinai, where Israel first pledged to be God's special possession, and foreshadows the ongoing need for spiritual renewal throughout biblical history whenever the people strayed. It demonstrates that true leadership, especially spiritual leadership, involves guiding people back to God's truth and establishing structures that promote righteousness and true worship. The concept of being "the LORD'S people" is a recurring motif throughout Scripture, emphasizing divine election, ownership, and the call to live distinctively for God's glory and purposes in the world, distinct from the surrounding pagan cultures.

* [Exodus 19:5-6](/exodus/19-5-6 "Exodus 19:5-6 - Israel as a Treasured Possession")
* [Deuteronomy 29:10-13](/deuteronomy/29-10-13 "Deuteronomy 29:10-13 - Renewal of Covenant in Moab")
* [Jeremiah 31:33](/jeremiah/31-33 "Jeremiah 31:33 - The New Covenant")

### REFLECTION AND APPLICATION
The covenant made in [2 Chronicles 23:16](/2-chronicles/23-16 "2 Chronicles 23:16 - Jehoiada's Covenant") offers profound and timeless lessons for contemporary believers. Just as Judah, after a period of spiritual decline and idolatry, formally recommitted to being "the LORD'S people," so too are we called to a conscious, ongoing, and wholehearted dedication to Christ. In a world filled with competing allegiances and subtle "idols"—whether materialism, self-worship, cultural trends, or worldly systems that subtly oppose God's truth—this verse challenges us to examine where our ultimate loyalty lies. It reminds us that our identity as followers of Christ is not merely a label but a living commitment to His Lordship, influencing every aspect of our lives, from our personal choices to our communal interactions. Furthermore, Jehoiada's example highlights the transformative power of godly leadership and the collective responsibility of the community to uphold spiritual truth and actively pursue righteousness. We are called to live out our identity as God's people, rejecting the patterns of the world and actively pursuing holiness, justice, and true worship in our homes, churches, and communities, becoming a visible testament to God's transforming power and redemptive purpose.

#### Questions for Reflection
* **In what specific areas of your life do you need to consciously reaffirm your commitment to being "the LORD'S people" today, rejecting competing allegiances or subtle idols?**
* **How does the example of Jehoiada inspire you to exercise godly influence or leadership, even in challenging circumstances, within your family, church, or broader community?**
* **What practical steps can you take to live more distinctly as "the LORD'S people" in a culture that often promotes values contrary to God's truth and kingdom principles?**

### FAQ
**What was the significance of High Priest Jehoiada making this covenant?**

Answer: Jehoiada's act of making this covenant was profoundly significant on multiple levels. Spiritually, it marked a decisive break from the pervasive Baal worship promoted by Queen Athaliah and a formal, national return to the exclusive worship of Yahweh, thereby re-establishing Judah's identity as "the LORD'S people." Politically, it solidified the legitimacy of young King Joash's reign by binding him and the people in a sacred agreement, ensuring their loyalty and commitment to a divinely sanctioned monarchy. It also underscored the immense authority and faithfulness of Jehoiada as the High Priest, who acted as a mediator between God, the king, and the people, guiding the nation back to its covenant obligations. This act laid the spiritual and moral foundation for the subsequent purges of idolatry and the restoration of temple worship, as described in [2 Chronicles 23:17-18](/2-chronicles/23-17-18 "2 Chronicles 23:17-18 - Destruction of Baal Worship and Temple Restoration").

**How does this covenant relate to earlier covenants in Israel's history?**

Answer: This covenant in [2 Chronicles 23:16](/2-chronicles/23-16 "2 Chronicles 23:16 - Jehoiada's Covenant") is best understood as a renewal or reaffirmation of the foundational Mosaic Covenant, which God established with Israel at Mount Sinai ([Exodus 24](/exodus/24 "Exodus 24 - The Covenant at Sinai")). Just as Israel at Sinai pledged to obey God's laws and be His treasured possession, so too did Judah, under Jehoiada, renew that commitment after a period of apostasy. It also implicitly connects to the Davidic Covenant ([2 Samuel 7](/2-samuel/7 "2 Samuel 7 - The Davidic Covenant")), as the covenant with the people and king ensured the continuation of the Davidic line (through Joash) and its proper alignment with Yahweh's will. Throughout Israel's history, such covenant renewals (e.g., under Joshua in [Joshua 24](/joshua/24 "Joshua 24 - Covenant Renewal at Shechem") or Josiah in [2 Kings 23](/2-kings/23 "2 Kings 23 - Josiah's Reforms")) served to call the nation back to faithfulness after periods of spiritual decline, reinforcing their unique identity and responsibilities as "the LORD'S people."

**What does it mean for a nation or people to be "the LORD'S people"?**

Answer: For a nation or people to be "the LORD'S people" (עַם יְהוָה, _ʻam Yᵉhôvâh_) means they are divinely chosen, set apart, and consecrated for God's exclusive possession and purposes. This status implies a unique relationship with God, involving mutual obligations: God promises His presence, protection, and blessings, while the people are obligated to obey His commands, worship Him alone, and live according to His righteous standards. It signifies a distinct identity, where their national character, laws, and worship are to reflect God's holiness and truth. This concept emphasizes not just an external designation but an internal commitment to live in covenant loyalty, rejecting idolatry and embracing God's ways. In the Old Testament, it defined Israel's unique role among the nations, as highlighted in passages like [Deuteronomy 7:6](/deuteronomy/7-6 "Deuteronomy 7:6 - A Holy People to the LORD"), and continues to define the Church in the New Testament.

### CHRIST-CENTERED FULFILLMENT
The covenant renewal in [2 Chronicles 23:16](/2-chronicles/23-16 "2 Chronicles 23:16 - Jehoiada's Covenant"), where Judah formally recommits to being "the LORD'S people," finds its ultimate fulfillment and spiritual depth in Jesus Christ. While the Old Testament covenants were often conditional and repeatedly broken by human unfaithfulness, Jesus inaugurates a **New Covenant** through His atoning sacrifice, a covenant "not like the covenant that I made with their fathers" ([Jeremiah 31:31-34](/jeremiah/31-31-34 "Jeremiah 31:31-34 - The New Covenant")). Through His blood, believers are not merely outwardly bound by law but inwardly transformed, receiving new hearts and God's law written upon them by the Holy Spirit ([Hebrews 8:6-13](/hebrews/8-6-13 "Hebrews 8:6-13 - Christ, Mediator of a Better Covenant")). Just as Jehoiada mediated a covenant for Judah, Christ is the **Mediator of a better covenant** ([Hebrews 9:15](/hebrews/9-15 "Hebrews 9:15 - Christ, Mediator of the New Covenant")), establishing a spiritual kingdom where all who believe are grafted into the true vine ([John 15:5](/john/15-5 "John 15:5 - Jesus, the True Vine")) and become part of God's new people, the Church. This new community, comprised of believers from every tribe and nation, is now "a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people for his own possession" ([1 Peter 2:9](/1-peter/2-9 "1 Peter 2:9 - Believers as God's Chosen People")), called to proclaim the excellencies of Him who called them out of darkness into His marvelous light. Thus, the longing for a people truly devoted to the LORD, expressed in 2 Chronicles, is fully realized in the spiritual identity and mission of the Church, united under Christ, their eternal King and High Priest, who secures their identity as "the LORD'S people" forever.

Note: Commentary is generated by AI with a directive for Biblical fidelity. Always rely on the Holy Spirit for discernment. The Scripture text and cross-references are from verified, non-AI sources.

Cross-References

2 Kings 11:17

¶ And Jehoiada made a covenant between the LORD and the king and the people, that they should be the LORD'S people; between the king also and the people.

2 Chronicles 29:10

Now [it is] in mine heart to make a covenant with the LORD God of Israel, that his fierce wrath may turn away from us.

Nehemiah 9:38

And because of all this we make a sure [covenant], and write [it]; and our princes, Levites, [and] priests, seal [unto it].

2 Chronicles 15:12

And they entered into a covenant to seek the LORD God of their fathers with all their heart and with all their soul;

Nehemiah 10:29

They clave to their brethren, their nobles, and entered into a curse, and into an oath, to walk in God's law, which was given by Moses the servant of God, and to observe and do all the commandments of the LORD our Lord, and his judgments and his statutes;

Nehemiah 10:39

For the children of Israel and the children of Levi shall bring the offering of the corn, of the new wine, and the oil, unto the chambers, where [are] the vessels of the sanctuary, and the priests that minister, and the porters, and the singers: and we will not forsake the house of our God.

Nehemiah 5:12

Then said they, We will restore [them], and will require nothing of them; so will we do as thou sayest. Then I called the priests, and took an oath of them, that they should do according to this promise.