The Hebrew name Tidʻâl, represented by H8413, identifies a Canaanite king. The name's base definition is "fearfulness; Tidal, a Canaanite; Tidal." It is a rare term, appearing only 2 times in 2 unique verses in the Bible, both within the same narrative context.
In the biblical narrative, H8413 appears as a member of a coalition of four invading kings. He is introduced as "Tidal king of nations" alongside Amraphel king of Shinar, Arioch king of Ellasar, and Chedorlaomer king of Elam Genesis 14:1. His name and title are repeated when this alliance of four kings is listed as engaging in battle against five other kings Genesis 14:9.
Several related words provide context for Tidal's identity and the political landscape he inhabited:
- H4428 melek (a king): This word is used to define the role of Tidal and his allies, establishing them as sovereign rulers Genesis 14:1.
- H1471 gôwy (a foreign nation; hence, a Gentile): This term forms Tidal's unique title, "king of nations." It suggests he ruled over a collection of different peoples, tribes, or Gentiles, unlike the other kings who governed specific regions Genesis 14:9.
- H3540 Kᵉdorlâʻômer (Kedorlaomer, an early Persian king): The king of Elam, Chedorlaomer is a principal figure in the alliance in which Tidal participated Genesis 14:9.
- H702 ʼarbaʻ (four): This numeral specifies the exact size of the coalition led by Chedorlaomer, which included Tidal, Amraphel, and Arioch Genesis 14:9.
The narrative significance of H8413 is established entirely through his association with this conflict.
- Foreign Alliance: Tidal is always presented as part of a confederation of four foreign kings. This alliance included rulers from significant ancient territories like ʻÊylâm H5867 and Shinʻâr H8152 Genesis 14:1.
- King of Nations: His distinct title, "king of nations" H1471, separates him from his allies. While they rule defined lands, his dominion is described more broadly, implying a ruler over a diverse group of peoples Genesis 14:1.
- Antagonistic Force: The role of Tidal and his fellow kings is that of a military aggressor. The text explicitly states their purpose was to wage war, noting it was "four kings with five" Genesis 14:9, establishing them as key adversaries in the account.
In summary, H8413 refers to a specific individual, Tidal, whose importance is derived from his role in the alliance of kings described in Genesis 14. He is defined by his unique title as "king of nations" and his participation in a significant military campaign. His two brief appearances serve to identify him as one of the key figures in this ancient conflict.
TRV