### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew word **sârar**, represented by `{{H8323}}`, is a primitive root signifying the exercise of dominion. It appears **6 times** in **4 unique verses**. Its core definition involves having or getting dominion, and it is used idiomatically to describe making oneself a **prince** or to **bear rule**.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In scripture, `{{H8323}}` describes different forms of authority. It is used prophetically in Isaiah, foretelling a time when princes will **rule** in judgment alongside a righteous king [[Isaiah 32:1]]. Similarly, Proverbs connects this act of ruling to divine wisdom, stating that by wisdom, "princes **rule**" [[Proverbs 8:16]]. The word also applies to domestic headship, as seen in the decree that "every man should **bear rule** in his own house" [[Esther 1:22]]. A different context appears in Numbers, where the Israelites accuse Moses of trying to **make** himself "altogether a **prince**" over them, using the word three times to emphasize a perceived illegitimate power grab [[Numbers 16:13]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words clarify the concept of rulership and authority:
* `{{H8269}}` **sar** (a head person... prince... ruler): This noun is derived from `{{H8323}}` and often appears alongside it, designating the "prince" or "ruler" who performs the action of ruling ([[Isaiah 32:1]], [[Proverbs 8:16]]).
* `{{H4427}}` **mâlak** (to reign... be king): This term for reigning as a king is used in parallel with `sârar`. In [[Isaiah 32:1]], a king shall **reign** `{{H4427}}` while princes **rule** `{{H8323}}`, distinguishing between monarchical rule and the dominion of other leaders.
* `{{H8199}}` **shâphaṭ** (to judge... govern... rule): This word for judging is thematically linked to `sârar`. In [[Proverbs 8:16]], the verse mentions that princes **rule** `{{H8323}}` and also refers to "all the **judges** of the earth," connecting just governance with rightful dominion.
### Theological Significance
The use of `{{H8323}}` carries significant conceptual weight regarding the nature of authority.
* **Righteous Dominion:** The ideal exercise of `sârar` is tied to justice and divine order. This is seen when princes are prophesied to **rule** "in judgment" [[Isaiah 32:1]] and when their rule is attributed to wisdom itself [[Proverbs 8:16]].
* **Legitimate Authority:** The word highlights the difference between appointed and seized power. While Isaiah and Proverbs describe a legitimate form of rule, the accusation against Moses in [[Numbers 16:13]] uses `{{H8323}}` to imply an unauthorized and self-appointed dominion.
* **Sphere of Influence:** `sârar` is applied across various domains of leadership. It encompasses the governance of princes [[Isaiah 32:1]], the authority within a household [[Esther 1:22]], and the very act of seeking power over a people [[Numbers 16:13]].
### Summary
In summary, `{{H8323}}` **sârar**, though used infrequently, offers a specific lens on the concept of dominion. It is not about kingship but about the active exercise of authority by those in leadership, or "princes." It illustrates a spectrum of rule, from the righteous and divinely-sourced authority in judgment to the domestic sphere of a household, and even to the negative sense of illegitimately making oneself a ruler. The word thus captures the nuanced act of bearing rule in its various forms.
TRV