### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew word **shikkôwr**, represented by `{{H7910}}`, refers to one who is **intoxicated**, either as a temporary state or a persistent habit. Its definition includes "drunk(-ard, -en, -en man)". This term appears **13 times** across **13 unique verses**, often carrying strong negative connotations related to folly, vulnerability, and divine judgment.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In biblical narratives, `{{H7910}}` is used to describe both literal and metaphorical drunkenness. Literally, it portrays individuals in a state of excess, such as Nabal, whose heart was merry because he was "very drunken" at a feast [[1 Samuel 25:36]], or King Elah, who was assassinated while "drinking himself drunk" [[1 Kings 16:9]]. Figuratively, the prophets use it as a powerful symbol. Isaiah refers to the "drunkards of Ephraim" to condemn their pride [[Isaiah 28:1]], and Jeremiah describes feeling "like a drunken man" when overwhelmed by the word of the Lord [[Jeremiah 23:9]]. The term also illustrates physical instability, as when the earth is prophesied to "reel to and fro like a drunkard" [[Isaiah 24:20]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words provide deeper context for the state of being a **shikkôwr**:
* `{{H3196}}` **yayin** (wine): As the direct cause of intoxication, this word is frequently linked to `{{H7910}}`. The drunkards of Ephraim are described as being "overcome with wine" [[Isaiah 28:1]], and Jeremiah feels like a man whom "wine hath overcome" [[Jeremiah 23:9]].
* `{{H5128}}` **nûwaʻ** (stagger, reel): This word describes the physical effect of drunkenness. The psalmist notes that those in distress "stagger like a drunken man" [[Psalms 107:27]]. It defines the unsteady motion that is characteristic of a **shikkôwr**.
* `{{H1348}}` **gêʼûwth** (pride): This is morally linked to drunkenness. The "drunkards of Ephraim" are explicitly associated with the "crown of pride" ([[Isaiah 28:1]], [[Isaiah 28:3]]), connecting the state of intoxication to arrogance and a downfall.
### Theological Significance
The thematic weight of `{{H7910}}` is significant, often serving as a warning.
* **Symbol of Judgment and Instability:** The image of a **drunkard** is used to portray the effects of God's judgment. The Lord causes Egypt to err "as a drunken man staggereth in his vomit" [[Isaiah 19:14]], and makes the wicked "stagger like a drunken man" in darkness [[Job 12:25]], signifying confusion and helplessness.
* **A Mark of Folly and Vulnerability:** Drunkenness is associated with a lack of wisdom and increased susceptibility to harm. A parable in the mouth of a fool is as useless and dangerous as a thorn in the hand of a **drunkard** [[Proverbs 26:9]]. Rulers like King Elah and Benhadad are shown "drinking himself drunk," a state which precedes their defeat or death ([[1 Kings 16:9]], [[1 Kings 20:16]]).
* **A Call to Wakefulness:** In a direct command, the prophet Joel calls for the **drunkards** to "Awake" and weep, highlighting that their state of stupor has left them unaware of impending disaster [[Joel 1:5]].
### Summary
In summary, `{{H7910}}` is more than a simple descriptor for intoxication. It is a potent biblical symbol for moral failure, poor judgment, and physical vulnerability. Whether describing a foolish man at a feast or a nation staggering under judgment, **shikkôwr** consistently illustrates a state of being dangerously out of control, disconnected from wisdom, and ripe for downfall.
TRV