The Aramaic word rûwm, represented by H7313, is a term for being high, rising, or raising up. Its definition includes actions like to extol, lift up (self), or set up. This word appears 4 times across 4 unique verses, exclusively within the book of Daniel, where it illustrates a sharp contrast between human pride and divine authority.
In its biblical usage, H7313 carries a dual meaning depending on the subject. It is used negatively to describe the arrogance of kings. Belshazzar is condemned because he did lift up himself against the Lord of heaven Daniel 5:23. Similarly, a king's heart was lifted up and his mind hardened in pride, leading to his downfall Daniel 5:20. In a positive context, King Nebuchadnezzar uses the word to extol the King of heaven after being humbled Daniel 4:37. The word also describes sovereign power, as an earthly king had the authority to set up whom he wished Daniel 5:19.
Several related Aramaic words clarify the concept of being lifted up:
- H8214 shᵉphal (abase, humble, put down): This word functions as a direct antonym. A king can set up H7313 or put down H8214 others Daniel 5:19, and God is able to abase H8214 those who walk in pride Daniel 4:37.
- H1922 hădar (glorify, honour): This term is used for proper worship. Nebuchadnezzar chose to extol H7313 and honour H1922 God Daniel 4:37, whereas Belshazzar lifted himself up but failed to glorify H1922 God Daniel 5:23.
- H2103 zûwd (in pride): This word describes the inner state that leads to improper self-exaltation. It is when a king's heart was lifted up H7313 and his mind hardened in pride H2103 that he was deposed from his throne Daniel 5:20.
The theological weight of H7313 centers on the conflict between divine sovereignty and human arrogance.
- The Peril of Pride: The word is used to warn against self-exaltation. A heart that is lifted up H7313 in defiance of God leads to judgment and the loss of power and glory (Daniel 5:20, Daniel 5:23).
- The Action of Worship: The correct use of exaltation is directed toward God. After his humiliation, Nebuchadnezzar demonstrates true understanding when he chooses to extol H7313 and praise the King of heaven Daniel 4:37.
- Sovereign Authority: The power to set up H7313 is an attribute of kingship, both human and divine. However, the narrative shows that earthly authority is delegated and can be revoked by God, who abases those who lift themselves up.
In summary, H7313 is a pivotal word in the book of Daniel for understanding the dynamics of power. It serves as a sharp illustration of a core biblical theme: exalting oneself leads to being humbled, while humbling oneself before God is the path to offering Him proper worship. The word contrasts the fleeting authority of human rulers, who can set up and put down, with the ultimate authority of God, who judges the proud.
TRV