a primitive root; to stun, i.e. stupefy (with sleep or death); (be fast a-, be in a deep, cast into a dead, that) sleep(-er, -eth).
Transliteration:râdam
Pronunciation:raw-dam'
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### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew verb H7290 (רָדַם, *râdam*) is a primitive root carrying the core meaning of being "stunned" or "stupefied." Its semantic range extends primarily to a profound, often involuntary, state of unconsciousness. This can manifest as an exceptionally "deep sleep," a state so intense that it is described as "fast asleep" or even "dead sleep," implying a complete lack of awareness or responsiveness. The term often suggests an overwhelming, almost incapacitating, quality to the sleep, distinguishing it from ordinary slumber. In some contexts, it can even verge on a death-like stupor or a state of utter incapacitation, where one is rendered powerless and insensible.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The occurrences of H7290 in the Hebrew Bible consistently emphasize the depth and often the divine causation or profound nature of the sleep or stupor:
* **Divine Induction for Purpose:** In [[Genesis 2:21]], the Lord God causes a "deep sleep" (תַּרְדֵּמָה, *tardēmāh*, a noun form derived from H7290) to fall upon Adam before the creation of Eve. This is a divinely orchestrated, purposeful state of unconsciousness, not a natural sleep, enabling God's creative act without human interference. Similarly, in [[1 Samuel 26:12]], the Lord casts a "deep sleep" upon Saul and his men, allowing David to take Saul's spear and water jug undetected. This is an act of divine protection and deliverance for David.
* **Divine Judgment or Spiritual Stupor:** The term takes on a more ominous tone in prophetic contexts. [[Isaiah 29:10]] declares that the Lord has poured out upon Israel "a spirit of deep sleep" (רוּחַ תַּרְדֵּמָה), closing their eyes (the prophets) and covering their heads (the seers). Here, râdam signifies a divinely imposed spiritual blindness and insensitivity, a judgment that renders the people unable to perceive God's truth.
* **Human Apathy and Obliviousness:** In [[Jonah 1:5]] and [[Jonah 1:6]], Jonah is found "fast asleep" (*râdam*) in the ship's hold during a violent storm, completely oblivious to the impending danger and the frantic efforts of the sailors. This use highlights Jonah's spiritual apathy and disobedience, contrasting sharply with the pagan sailors' earnest prayers. The shipmaster's rebuke ("How can you sleep so soundly?") underscores the inappropriate depth of his slumber in a crisis.
* **Incapacitation and Death-like State:** [[Psalm 76:6]] (verse 5 in some translations) uses râdam to describe the "deep sleep" of the "stouthearted" (warriors) who are "stupefied" by God's rebuke. This context suggests a sleep of death or incapacitation on the battlefield, where their strength and will to fight are utterly broken by divine power.
Across these contexts, râdam consistently denotes a state of profound unconsciousness or insensibility, often divinely induced or indicative of a significant spiritual or physical condition.
### Related Words & Concepts
H7290 (râdam) stands out among other Hebrew words for sleep due to its intensity and often its implication of divine agency or profound spiritual state.
* **Contrast with General Sleep:** It differs from common words for "sleep" like `{{H3462}}` (yashēn), which simply means "to sleep" or "to be asleep" (e.g., [[Genesis 28:11]]), or `{{H7901}}` (shākab), "to lie down," which often implies sleeping but can also refer to resting or lying in general. râdam denotes a much deeper, more overwhelming, and often less natural form of sleep.
* **Concepts of Stupor and Numbness:** The root meaning "to stun" or "stupefy" links râdam to concepts of mental or physical numbness, insensibility, and even a loss of vital function. While not a direct synonym, it shares semantic space with ideas of being overwhelmed or incapacitated.
* **Divine Sovereignty:** The frequent divine causation of râdam connects it strongly with the concept of God's absolute sovereignty over human consciousness and physical states. He can induce it for creation, protection, or judgment.
* **Spiritual Blindness:** The use in [[Isaiah 29:10]] ties râdam to the theological concept of spiritual blindness or a "hardened heart," where individuals or nations are rendered incapable of spiritual perception due to divine judgment or their own persistent rebellion.
### Theological Significance
The theological significance of H7290 (râdam) is multifaceted:
* **Divine Control and Purpose:** The most striking theological implication is God's absolute control over the human state of consciousness. God induces râdam not randomly, but with specific divine purposes: for creation (Adam), for protection (Saul), or for judgment (Israel in Isaiah). This underscores His omnipotence and active involvement in human affairs, even at the most fundamental level of physical and mental awareness.
* **Human Vulnerability:** The word highlights human vulnerability and dependence on God. Humans can be rendered utterly unconscious or insensible by divine will, demonstrating their limited autonomy and the ease with which God can intervene in their lives.
* **Spiritual Condition and Accountability:** The use of râdam in [[Isaiah 29:10]] and [[Jonah 1:5-6]] carries profound spiritual weight. It serves as a powerful metaphor for spiritual apathy, insensitivity, and a lack of awareness regarding God's presence, warnings, or purposes. Jonah's deep sleep during the storm is a vivid illustration of spiritual negligence in the face of divine judgment. Isaiah's prophecy speaks to a divinely imposed spiritual stupor, a consequence of persistent rebellion, where the ability to perceive and respond to God's truth is removed. This speaks to the concept of spiritual accountability and the potential for a hardening of heart.
* **The Shadow of Death:** The "death-like" aspect of râdam (as in [[Psalm 76:6]]) subtly connects it to the ultimate cessation of life and consciousness, reminding humanity of its mortality and the finality of death, which is the ultimate "deep sleep."
### Summary
The Hebrew word H7290 (רָדַם, *râdam*) signifies a profound and often overwhelming state of unconsciousness, ranging from an exceptionally "deep sleep" to a "death-like stupor." Its biblical occurrences reveal a rich theological tapestry: it frequently denotes a divinely induced state, serving God's purposes in creation and protection, or as a powerful instrument of divine judgment leading to spiritual blindness. Furthermore, râdam can portray human spiritual apathy and obliviousness in the face of divine action. This potent term thus illuminates God's absolute sovereignty over human consciousness, underscores human vulnerability, and serves as a potent metaphor for both divine intervention and critical spiritual states.
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