a primitive root; to squat or lie out flat, i.e. (specifically) in copulation; let gender, lie down.
Transliteration:râbaʻ
Pronunciation:raw-bah'
Detailed Word Study
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### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew root râbaʻ (`{{H7250}}`) is a primitive verb carrying the core meaning "to squat" or "to lie out flat." Its semantic range extends from a general physical posture to a highly specific and often illicit act. Fundamentally, it describes a low, prostrate position. While it can denote the natural resting or crouching of animals, its most prominent and ethically charged usage in the biblical text refers to the act of copulation, specifically between humans and animals (bestiality). This dual application highlights a spectrum from neutral physical description to profound moral transgression.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The occurrences of râbaʻ (`{{H7250}}`) in the Hebrew Bible reveal its nuanced usage:
1. **Animal Posture/Rest:** In several instances, râbaʻ describes animals lying down in their natural state.
* In [[Genesis 49:9]], it depicts Judah as a lion's cub that "stooped down, he crouched as a lion," conveying strength and readiness. Here, the word emphasizes the natural, powerful posture of a predatory animal.
* [[Psalm 104:22]] speaks of wild beasts that "lie down in their dens" when the sun rises, illustrating their natural resting habits.
* [[Isaiah 17:2]] uses the term to describe flocks that "lie down" in deserted cities, implying a state of peace and security in the absence of human inhabitants. These usages are descriptive and neutral, emphasizing the physical act of lying down.
2. **Bestiality:** The most ethically charged usage of râbaʻ occurs within the Mosaic Law, specifically in prohibitions against bestiality.
* [[Leviticus 18:23]] sternly warns, "And you shall not lie with any animal to defile yourself with it, nor shall any woman stand before an animal to lie with it; it is perversion." Here, râbaʻ explicitly denotes sexual intercourse with an animal, an act deemed an abomination (Hebrew: *tevel*, "confusion" or "perversion").
* Similarly, [[Leviticus 20:16]] reiterates this prohibition with severe consequences: "If a woman approaches any animal to lie with it, you shall kill the woman and the animal; they shall surely be put to death; their blood is upon them." In these contexts, râbaʻ signifies a profound violation of natural and divine order, leading to defilement and judgment.
The stark contrast between these two sets of contexts—natural animal behavior versus forbidden sexual perversion—underscores the word's capacity to convey both mundane observation and profound moral significance.
### Related Words & Concepts
The semantic field of râbaʻ (`{{H7250}}`) intersects with several related Hebrew terms and theological concepts:
* **Lying Down (General):** The most common Hebrew verb for "to lie down" is shakab (`{{H7901}}`), which can be used for sleep, rest, or sexual intercourse (both licit and illicit). While shakab is broader, râbaʻ specifically emphasizes the prostrate position and, crucially, the act of bestiality.
* **Sexual Acts:** Other terms for sexual relations include yada (`{{H3045}}`, "to know," euphemistically for sexual intimacy), and various terms for illicit acts like zanah (`{{H2181}}`, "to commit fornication/prostitution"). Râbaʻ stands out for its specific focus on inter-species sexual acts.
* **Purity and Defilement:** The use of râbaʻ in Leviticus directly connects to the concepts of ritual and moral purity (tahor) and defilement (tame). Bestiality is presented as an act that renders both the individual and the land impure, necessitating severe punishment and purification.
* **Order and Disorder:** The prohibition involving râbaʻ reflects the biblical emphasis on maintaining distinct categories and boundaries established by God in creation. Bestiality is a transgression against the created order, blurring the lines between human and animal, and thus constitutes *tevel* (perversion).
* **Animal Kingdom:** The word relates to the broader biblical understanding of the animal kingdom and humanity's unique place within creation, distinct from and superior to animals, yet responsible for their stewardship.
### Theological Significance
The theological significance of râbaʻ (`{{H7250}}`) is profound, particularly in its Levitical usage. It highlights several key biblical themes:
1. **Sanctity of Creation and Order:** The prohibition of bestiality, conveyed through râbaʻ, underscores God's meticulous design for creation. Humanity is distinct from animals, created in God's image, and sexual relations are ordained within specific, divinely established boundaries (e.g., between male and female humans). Bestiality represents a radical perversion of this order, a blurring of species distinctions that God established.
2. **Holiness and Defilement:** The act described by râbaʻ in Leviticus is not merely a social taboo but a grave sin that defiles the individual and the land itself. This speaks to the concept of holiness—God's separation and distinctness—and the call for His people to reflect that holiness in their lives. Unholy acts, like bestiality, bring impurity and estrangement from God.
3. **Consequences of Sin:** The severe penalties associated with bestiality (death for both human and animal) emphasize the gravity of transgressing divine law. Such acts are not tolerated within a holy community and demonstrate the destructive power of sin to corrupt and defile.
4. **Moral Boundaries:** The word serves as a stark reminder of the absolute moral boundaries God sets for human behavior, particularly in the sensitive realm of sexuality. It illustrates that even seemingly "natural" acts (like lying down) can become profoundly sinful when they violate God's revealed will and created order.
### Summary
The Hebrew root râbaʻ (`{{H7250}}`) fundamentally means "to squat" or "lie out flat." Its semantic range encompasses the natural, descriptive act of animals lying down for rest or posture, as seen in [[Genesis 49:9]] or [[Psalm 104:22]]. However, its most significant and ethically charged usage is found in the Mosaic Law, where it explicitly denotes the forbidden act of bestiality, as in [[Leviticus 18:23]] and [[Leviticus 20:16]]. This dual application powerfully illustrates the biblical emphasis on maintaining divine order and distinction within creation. The theological significance of râbaʻ lies in its clear articulation of God's abhorrence for acts that pervert the created order, emphasizing the sanctity of life, the purity required of God's people, and the severe consequences of defiling both oneself and the land through transgression against divine boundaries.
TRV