of Egyptian derivation; Potiphar, an Egyptian; Potiphar.
Transliteration:Pôwṭîyphar
Pronunciation:po-tee-far'
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### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew word `{{H6318}}`, *Pôwṭîyphar* (פּוֹטִיפַר), is a proper noun of Egyptian derivation. As a personal name, its semantic range is restricted to identifying a specific individual in the biblical narrative. While the precise etymology is debated, it is widely understood to be an Egyptian name, often interpreted as "he whom Ra gave" or "devoted to Ra," reflecting a common practice in ancient Egypt of naming individuals in honor of deities. This etymology underscores the foreign, non-Israelite identity of the character.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The name Potiphar (`{{H6318}}`) appears exclusively in the book of Genesis, specifically within the narrative of Joseph. He is introduced as "an officer of Pharaoh, captain of the guard, an Egyptian" ([[Genesis 37:36]], [[Genesis 39:1]]). This description highlights his significant position within the Egyptian hierarchy, likely overseeing the king's personal security and the state prison.
Joseph is sold into slavery to Potiphar by the Midianites ([[Genesis 37:36]]). Potiphar observes that "the LORD was with Joseph, and that the LORD made all he did to prosper in his hand" ([[Genesis 39:2-3]]). Consequently, Potiphar places Joseph in charge of his entire household, entrusting him with all his possessions ([[Genesis 39:4-6]]). This demonstrates Potiphar's astute judgment and trust in Joseph's capabilities, implicitly acknowledging a divine favor on Joseph, even if not fully comprehending its source.
The pivotal event involving Potiphar is his wife's repeated attempts to seduce Joseph, and her subsequent false accusation against him ([[Genesis 39:7-18]]). Upon hearing his wife's fabricated story, Potiphar's "anger was kindled" ([[Genesis 39:19]]), and he cast Joseph into the king's prison, "the place where the king's prisoners were bound" ([[Genesis 39:20]]). While Potiphar's anger is clear, his decision to imprison Joseph rather than execute him (a power he likely possessed as captain of the guard) has led some scholars to suggest he may have harbored some doubt regarding his wife's accusation, or that he was compelled to act due to the public nature of the alleged offense. Potiphar is not mentioned again after Joseph's imprisonment, his role in the narrative having served its purpose in advancing Joseph's journey.
### Related Words & Concepts
Potiphar's title, "captain of the guard," is rendered in Hebrew as שַׂר הַטַּבָּחִים (sar ha-ṭabbāḥîm), which literally translates to "chief of the slaughterers" or "chief of the executioners." This title suggests his responsibility for state security, including the execution of criminals and the management of the royal prison. This connection is crucial, as Joseph is later placed in charge of this very prison by "the chief jailer" ([[Genesis 39:21-23]]), implicitly under Potiphar's overarching authority.
Potiphar's role is intrinsically linked to Joseph's trials and exaltation. He serves as the initial master who recognizes Joseph's divine blessing, yet also as the instrument through whom Joseph experiences unjust suffering and imprisonment. This narrative segment foreshadows the larger theme of God using seemingly negative circumstances to achieve His redemptive purposes. The name Potiphar also stands in contrast to the name given to Joseph's Egyptian wife, Asenath, the daughter of Potiphera (פּוֹטִיפֶרַע, `{{H6319}}`), who was the priest of On. While similar, they are distinct individuals.
### Theological Significance
The narrative involving Potiphar (`{{H6318}}`) is rich with theological significance. Firstly, it powerfully illustrates the theme of **divine sovereignty amidst human injustice**. Potiphar's actions, driven by his wife's deceit, appear to be a setback for Joseph. Yet, from a divine perspective, Joseph's imprisonment under Potiphar's authority is a crucial step in God's meticulously orchestrated plan to elevate Joseph to a position of power in Egypt, ultimately preserving the nascent Israelite nation from famine ([[Genesis 50:20]]).
Secondly, Potiphar's household serves as a **crucible for Joseph's character and faithfulness**. Joseph's unwavering integrity in serving Potiphar and his steadfast refusal to sin against God, even when tempted by Potiphar's wife, highlights his deep reverence for the Lord ([[Genesis 39:9]]). The repeated affirmation that "the LORD was with Joseph" ([[Genesis 39:2-3]], [[Genesis 39:21]]) underscores God's constant presence and favor, even in a pagan household and amidst severe adversity.
Finally, the story demonstrates **God's providential working through non-Israelite figures**. Potiphar, an Egyptian official, becomes an unwitting participant in God's plan. His initial trust in Joseph, and even his subsequent decision to imprison him, are used by God to position Joseph for his future role. This foreshadows God's broader redemptive work that extends beyond the chosen people, using all circumstances and individuals to accomplish His divine will.
### Summary
Potiphar (`{{H6318}}`) is an Egyptian proper noun identifying a high-ranking officer in Pharaoh's court, who purchased Joseph as a slave. He is primarily known for his initial recognition of God's blessing upon Joseph, his subsequent elevation of Joseph to supervise his household, and his pivotal role in Joseph's unjust imprisonment due to his wife's false accusations. Potiphar's position as "captain of the guard" underscores his authority and the severity of the circumstances Joseph faced. Theologically, the narrative involving Potiphar highlights divine sovereignty, demonstrating how God uses human actions and unjust circumstances to fulfill His redemptive purposes. It also serves as a testament to Joseph's unwavering integrity and God's faithful presence with His servant, even in foreign lands and through profound adversity, ultimately preparing Joseph for his role in the salvation of his family and the preservation of God's covenant people.
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