### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew word **ʻêdâh**, represented by `{{H5713}}`, refers to **testimony** or a **witness**. It appears 26 times across 25 verses in the Bible. The term is used in two primary ways: to describe the declared words or laws of God, and to identify a physical object or person serving as a witness to an event or covenant.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In Scripture, `{{H5713}}` is frequently used in the Psalms to refer to God's divine commands. The psalmist declares that those who keep God's **testimonies** are blessed [[Psalms 119:2]] and that these testimonies are "very sure" [[Psalms 93:5]]. In a more formal, legal context, the word is presented alongside God's other laws, as when Moses delivered "the **testimonies**, and the statutes, and the judgments" to Israel [[Deuteronomy 4:45]]. The word can also refer to a physical object that serves as a perpetual witness, such as the stone Joshua established to remind the people of their commitment to the LORD [[Joshua 24:27]] or the heap of stones that served as a **witness** between Jacob and Laban [[Genesis 31:52]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words help clarify the meaning of testimony and witness:
* `{{H2706}}` **chôq** (an enactment; statute): This term is frequently paired with `{{H5713}}` to form a set of divine legal terms, as seen in the list of laws given to Israel after the exodus from Egypt [[Deuteronomy 4:45]].
* `{{H4941}}` **mishpâṭ** (judgment): Often appearing with **chôq** and **ʻêdâh**, this word completes a trio of terms describing God's revealed will and legal standards [[Deuteronomy 6:20]].
* `{{H1285}}` **bᵉrîyth** (covenant): The concept of testimony is closely linked to covenants. The paths of the LORD are mercy and truth for those who keep His **covenant** and His **testimonies** [[Psalms 25:10]].
* `{{H5341}}` **nâtsar** (to guard, in a good sense (to protect, maintain, obey, etc.)): This verb is consistently used to describe the required human response to God's testimonies, emphasizing the action of keeping or guarding them ([[Psalms 119:2]], [[Psalms 119:22]]).
### Theological Significance
The theological weight of `{{H5713}}` is significant, highlighting God's self-revelation and His expectations for His people.
* **Divine Revelation:** God's **testimonies** are His direct witness to His own nature and commands. They are described as righteous, faithful, and sure ([[Psalms 119:138]], [[Psalms 93:5]]), forming a reliable foundation for belief and conduct.
* **Covenantal Markers:** The use of physical objects as a **witness** underscores the seriousness of a covenant. A stone [[Joshua 24:27]] or ewe lambs [[Genesis 21:30]] serve as tangible, lasting reminders of promises made before God and between people.
* **Source of Delight:** Beyond being mere rules, God's testimonies are portrayed as a source of personal joy and guidance. The psalmist finds them to be a **delight** and his "counsellors" [[Psalms 119:24]], something to be loved exceedingly [[Psalms 119:167]].
* **Basis for Relationship:** Keeping God's **testimonies** is a core component of one's relationship with Him. It is the action of those who seek Him with their whole heart [[Psalms 119:2]] and a prerequisite for their children to sit on the throne [[Psalms 132:12]].
### Summary
In summary, `{{H5713}}` is a vital term that encompasses both the divine declarations of God and the physical markers of human covenants. It functions as a legal and relational term, defining the sure and righteous standards of God which are to be kept and even loved. Whether as God's eternal word or a stone of remembrance, a **testimony** serves as an enduring witness to truth and commitment.
TRV