אַלְלַי

Core Meaning & Semantic Range

The Hebrew word ʼalᵉlay, represented by H480, is a powerful expression meaning alas! or woe. It is derived from a reduplication of אָלָה. This rare term appears only 2 times in 2 unique verses, signifying a profound state of distress or lamentation in the moments it is used.

Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis

The use of H480 in scripture marks points of deep personal anguish. In Job, it is uttered amidst a crisis of faith and suffering, where Job exclaims, "If I be wicked, woe unto me" Job 10:15, linking the cry to a state of moral despair and inescapable affliction. Similarly, the prophet Micah uses it to express his sorrow over the spiritual state of his people, crying, "Woe is me! for I am as when they have gathered the summer fruits" Micah 7:1, lamenting the lack of righteousness as one would lament a barren harvest.

Related Words & Concepts

Several words found in the context of H480 help clarify the nature of this "woe":

• H7561 râshaʻ (to be... wicked): This term is directly contrasted with righteousness in Job's lament. Job's use of "woe" is his response to the possibility of being found wicked Job 10:15.
• H6663 tsâdaq (to be... righteous): Job expresses that even if he were righteous, he would still not be vindicated, highlighting the depth of his hopeless situation Job 10:15.
• H6040 ʻŏnîy (affliction): Job connects his cry of "woe" directly to his suffering, asking God to see his affliction, which is described as depression or misery Job 10:15.

Theological Significance

The thematic weight of H480 is concentrated in its expression of profound sorrow.

• Moral and Spiritual Anguish: The term is not used for simple misfortune but for a deep-seated despair rooted in moral and spiritual conditions. It appears when one confronts the consequences of wickedness or the absence of righteousness Job 10:15.
• Lamentation over Barrenness: In Micah 7:1, the "woe" signifies a state of spiritual emptiness and a lack of "firstripe fruit," representing a cry against a fruitless and corrupt society.
• A Cry of Inescapable Affliction: Job's use of H480 is part of a statement of confusion and suffering where, whether wicked or righteous, the outcome is affliction H6040. The "woe" is a declaration of being trapped in misery.

Summary

In summary, H480 is a concise and potent exclamation of woe. Though used only twice, it powerfully conveys a sense of profound distress that goes beyond mere sadness. It captures the anguish of a soul caught between wickedness and righteousness, as seen in Job, and the sorrow over a spiritually desolate community, as expressed by Micah. It is a cry from the depths of affliction and moral crisis.