### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew word **mânôwd**, represented by `{{H4493}}`, describes a **shaking** or a nodding of the head, specifically as an act of derision. This term is derived from a root meaning to nod or toss. It is a very rare word, appearing only **1 time** in **1 unique verse** in the entire Bible, yet it paints a powerful picture of contempt and scorn.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The single biblical occurrence of `{{H4493}}` is found in a psalm of lament. The psalmist cries out to God, "Thou makest us a byword among the heathen, a **shaking** of the head among the people" [[Psalms 44:14]]. In this context, the physical act of shaking the head is a gesture of mockery and disdain performed by the surrounding nations. It is presented alongside being made a "byword," emphasizing the public nature of Israel's humiliation and reproach.
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words in the surrounding text illuminate the meaning of this gesture of derision:
* `{{H4912}}` **mâshâl** (byword): This word refers to a proverb, parable, or, in this context, a byword. It signifies becoming an object lesson for disgrace, as when Israel was warned they would become a "proverb and a byword" for disobedience [[1 Kings 9:7]].
* `{{H7218}}` **rôʼsh** (head): Defined as the head, this is the literal object being shaken in derision [[Psalms 44:14]]. It can also be used figuratively to mean chief or beginning, as God is exalted as **head** above all [[1 Chronicles 29:11]].
* `{{H1471}}` **gôwy** (heathen): This term denotes a foreign nation or Gentile. In the context of [[Psalms 44:14]], these are the nations who look upon Israel's suffering with scorn, making them a byword among the **heathen**.
* `{{H3816}}` **lᵉʼôm** (people): Meaning a community or nation, this word is used in parallel with "heathen" to describe the groups who are mocking the psalmist's community [[Psalms 44:14]].
### Theological Significance
The theological significance of `{{H4493}}` is concentrated in its powerful imagery of shame and judgment.
* **A Sign of Contempt:** The "shaking of the head" is a universally understood sign of scorn. Its use here vividly captures the emotional pain of being publicly ridiculed and looked down upon by one's enemies.
* **A Mark of Divine Judgment:** In [[Psalms 44:14]], this state of reproach is attributed to God ("Thou makest us..."). The gesture of derision from the nations is therefore a visible manifestation of perceived divine disfavor, turning the people's suffering into a public spectacle.
* **National Humiliation:** The act is directed not at an individual but at the collective people of God. It signifies a profound reversal of status, where the chosen nation is made an object of mockery among the **heathen** `{{H1471}}` and **people** `{{H3816}}`.
### Summary
In summary, `{{H4493}}` **mânôwd** is a highly specific and illustrative term. Though used only once, its appearance in [[Psalms 44:14]] provides a stark and visceral image of national disgrace. Paired with words like "byword" `{{H4912}}` and "head" `{{H7218}}`, it transforms a simple physical gesture into a profound symbol of the humiliation and contempt experienced by a people under judgment.
TRV