from זָמַם; a plan, usually evil (machination), sometimes good (sagacity); (wicked) device, discretion, intent, witty invention, lewdness, mischievous (device), thought, wickedly.
### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew word **mᵉzimmâh**, represented by `{{H4209}}`, refers to a plan, which can be either an evil machination or a display of good sagacity. It appears 19 times in 19 unique verses. The word's meaning is highly dependent on context, encompassing concepts from "wicked devices" and "lewdness" to "discretion" and "witty inventions."
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In the biblical narrative, `{{H4209}}` is frequently used to describe the malicious plans of the wicked. These are the "wicked devices" that evil men bring to pass [[Psalms 37:7]] and for which they are hated [[Proverbs 14:17]]. The wicked imagine these "devices" against the poor [[Psalms 10:2]]. In contrast, `{{H4209}}` can also signify a positive virtue. Proverbs exhorts the reader to keep "discretion," as it preserves a person [[Proverbs 2:11]] and should be kept alongside sound wisdom [[Proverbs 3:21]]. The term is also applied to God's own plans, such as His "device" against Babylon [[Jeremiah 51:11]] and the "intents" of His heart that He will perform [[Jeremiah 30:24]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words illuminate the different facets of `{{H4209}}`:
* `{{H2803}}` **châshab** (to devise, imagine, plot): This word often describes the mental act of creating a `mᵉzimmâh`. The wicked are taken in the devices that they have "imagined" [[Psalms 10:2]], and one who "deviseth" to do evil is called a mischievous person [[Proverbs 24:8]].
* `{{H7451}}` **raʻ** (evil, wickedness): This term frequently qualifies the negative aspect of `mᵉzimmâh`. Enemies of God intend "evil" when they imagine a "mischievous device" [[Psalms 21:11]], and in Jeremiah, "lewdness" `{{H4209}}` is connected to the act of doing "evil" [[Jeremiah 11:15]].
* `{{H1847}}` **daʻath** (knowledge): When `mᵉzimmâh` is used positively as discretion, it is closely associated with "knowledge". The book of Proverbs aims to give the young man "knowledge" and "discretion" [[Proverbs 1:4]], and wisdom finds "knowledge" of "witty inventions" [[Proverbs 8:12]].
### Theological Significance
The conceptual weight of `{{H4209}}` lies in its portrayal of intent and planning, both human and divine.
* **Wicked Machinations:** The term is primarily used to describe the evil schemes of humanity. These "wicked devices" are devised by those who oppose God and the righteous ([[Psalms 10:2]], [[Psalms 37:7]]). A man of such devices is condemned by the LORD [[Proverbs 12:2]], and his plans are ultimately futile [[Psalms 21:11]].
* **Godly Discretion:** As a positive trait, `mᵉzimmâh` represents sagacity and prudence. It is something to be guarded, as "discretion" preserves a person and is paired with understanding `{{H8394}}` [[Proverbs 2:11]]. It is a component of a virtuous life, given to the simple alongside "subtilty" `{{H6195}}` and "knowledge" `{{H1847}}` [[Proverbs 1:4]].
* **Divine Sovereignty:** The word is also used for God's purposes. His "device" is a tool for His judgment and "vengeance" `{{H5360}}` upon nations like Babylon [[Jeremiah 51:11]]. Job acknowledges that no "thought" `{{H4209}}` can be withheld from God, affirming His omniscience and sovereign power [[Job 42:2]].
### Summary
In summary, `{{H4209}}` is a multifaceted word for a plan or device, whose moral alignment is revealed by its context. It can represent the "mischievous device" of the wicked, a "lewdness" condemned by God, or the valuable "discretion" and "witty inventions" associated with wisdom. Ultimately, `mᵉzimmâh` draws a sharp contrast between the hateful and failing schemes of men and the certain, unstoppable "intents" of God's heart.
TRV