from an unused root of uncertain meaning; a gem, perhaps the jacinth; ligure.
Transliteration:leshem
Pronunciation:leh'-shem
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### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew term לֶשֶׁם (leshem), transliterated as *leshem* (`{{H3958}}`), refers to a precious stone. The precise identification of this gem remains a subject of scholarly debate, as indicated by its derivation "from an unused root of uncertain meaning." Lexicographers often suggest it may correspond to the jacinth (hyacinth) or the ligure (ligurite), both ancient gemstones. The core meaning, therefore, centers on its identity as a valuable and distinct mineral, chosen for its aesthetic and symbolic qualities within a sacred context. The uncertainty surrounding its exact nature underscores the challenges in correlating ancient mineral names with modern classifications, yet its fundamental character as a gem is undisputed.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The word לֶשֶׁם (leshem) appears exclusively in the Old Testament within the descriptions of the high priest's sacred garments, specifically the breastpiece of judgment (חֹשֶׁן מִשְׁפָּט, *choshen mishpat*). Its two occurrences are found in:
* [[Exodus 28:19]]: "And the third row a ligure, an agate, and an amethyst."
* [[Exodus 39:12]]: "And the third row, a ligure, an agate, and an amethyst."
In both instances, the *leshem* is listed as the first stone in the third row of the breastpiece, a rectangular garment adorned with twelve different gemstones, each engraved with the name of one of the twelve tribes of Israel. This placement is significant; the stones were arranged in four rows of three, symbolizing the complete representation of the tribes. The *leshem*, like the other stones, was not merely decorative but served a profound symbolic purpose, representing one of the twelve sons of Jacob (traditionally associated with the tribe of Gad, though the text itself does not explicitly link specific stones to specific tribes). The breastpiece, worn over the ephod, was carried by the high priest into the presence of God, signifying his role as the intercessor who bore the names of the entire nation before the Lord.
### Related Words & Concepts
The primary conceptual relatives of *leshem* are the other eleven precious stones that adorned the high priest's breastpiece. These include:
* אֹדֶם (*ʾōdhem*, `{{H628}}`, ruby/sardius)
* פִּטְדָה (*piṭdāh*, `{{H6524}}`, topaz)
* בָּרֶקֶת (*bāreqeth*, `{{H1304}}`, carbuncle/emerald)
* נֹפֶךְ (*nōphekh*, `{{H5306}}`, turquoise/emerald)
* סַפִּיר (*sappîr*, `{{H5601}}`, sapphire)
* יַהֲלֹם (*yahalōm*, `{{H3957}}`, diamond/onyx)
* שְׁבֹו (*shebhô*, `{{H7726}}`, agate)
* אַחְלָמָה (*ʾaḥlāmāh*, `{{H2291}}`, amethyst)
* תַּרְשִׁישׁ (*tarshîsh*, `{{H8662}}`, beryl/chrysolite)
* שֹׁהַם (*shōham*, `{{H796}}`, onyx)
* יָשְׁפֵה (*yāshpheh*, `{{H3471}}`, jasper)
Beyond individual stones, *leshem* is intrinsically linked to the broader concepts of:
* The breastpiece of judgment (חֹשֶׁן מִשְׁפָּט, *choshen mishpat*, `{{H2833}}`), a central element of the priestly vestments.
* The ephod (אֵפוֹד, *ʾephod*, `{{H646}}`), upon which the breastpiece was fastened.
* The Urim and Thummim (אוּרִים וְתֻמִּים, `{{H224}}`, `{{H8550}}`), objects of divine revelation placed within the breastpiece.
* The garments of the high priest, which collectively symbolized holiness, glory, and the sacred office of mediation.
### Theological Significance
The inclusion of the *leshem* within the high priest's breastpiece carries profound theological weight. As one of the twelve stones, it represents an integral part of the collective identity of Israel. The act of the high priest bearing these stones "upon his heart" (Exodus 28:29) as he entered the Holy Place signifies:
1. **Representation and Intercession:** The high priest, acting as mediator, carried the full weight and identity of the twelve tribes before God. Each stone, including the *leshem*, served as a tangible reminder of God's covenant people, ensuring their constant remembrance in the divine presence.
2. **Unity in Diversity:** The collection of diverse, yet equally precious, stones symbolizes the unity of God's people despite their tribal distinctions. Each tribe, like each stone, possessed unique characteristics but contributed to the overall splendor and purpose of the nation.
3. **Preciousness in God's Sight:** The use of rare and beautiful gems underscores the immense value and preciousness of God's chosen people in His eyes. Just as these stones were highly esteemed in the ancient world, so too was Israel cherished by Yahweh.
4. **Divine Order and Holiness:** The meticulous instructions for the breastpiece's construction, including the specific arrangement of the stones, reflect God's demand for order, beauty, and holiness in worship. The *leshem* contributed to the overall glory of the priestly vestments, which were designed to reflect the glory of God Himself.
### Summary
The Hebrew word לֶשֶׁם (leshem, `{{H3958}}`) denotes a precious gem, likely the jacinth or ligure, though its precise identification remains uncertain. Its sole biblical occurrences are in [[Exodus 28:19]] and [[Exodus 39:12]], where it is listed as one of the twelve stones adorning the high priest's breastpiece. In this sacred context, the *leshem* contributes to the symbolic representation of the twelve tribes of Israel, carried upon the heart of the high priest as he mediated before God. Theologically, it underscores the concepts of divine representation, the unity and preciousness of God's people, and the meticulous order of sacred worship.
TRV