### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew word **kâphash**, represented by `{{H3728}}`, is a primitive root meaning **to tread down** or, figuratively, **to humiliate; cover**. This term is exceptionally rare, appearing only **1 time** in **1 unique verse** in the entire Bible, yet its single usage provides a powerful and vivid image of deep suffering.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The sole appearance of `{{H3728}}` is in [[Lamentations 3:16]], a passage describing intense personal affliction. The verse states, "He hath also broken my teeth with gravel stones, he hath **covered** me with ashes." In this context, **kâphash** portrays an act of profound humiliation, where the subject is not merely sprinkled with ashes as a sign of mourning, but forcefully **covered** and subjugated by them, amplifying the sense of being trodden down and debased.
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words from its only context help illustrate the severe nature of the affliction associated with **kâphash**:
* `{{H1638}}` **gâraç** (to crush;... to dissolve; break): This word describes the violent action that accompanies the humiliation. It is used in [[Lamentations 3:16]] to depict teeth being **broken**, setting a scene of physical pain that precedes being covered in ashes.
* `{{H2687}}` **châtsâts** (properly, something cutting; hence, gravel (as grit)): This term names the instrument of torment. The use of **gravel** to break teeth creates a visceral image of cruelty and suffering, which is compounded by the act of `{{H3728}}` [[Lamentations 3:16]].
* `{{H665}}` **ʼêpher** (ashes): This is the substance used to **cover** the afflicted one. Ashes are a consistent biblical symbol of desolation and grief, as seen in acts of repentance [[Job 42:6]] and deep mourning [[Jeremiah 6:26]].
### Theological Significance
The theological significance of `{{H3728}}` is tied entirely to its singular, potent context in Lamentations.
* **Expression of Extreme Humiliation:** To be **covered** with ashes in this manner is a physical manifestation of ultimate debasement. Paired with having one's teeth `{{H8127}}` broken `{{H1638}}` with gravel `{{H2687}}`, it paints a picture of complete subjugation and sorrow [[Lamentations 3:16]].
* **Symbol of Forced Mourning:** While ashes `{{H665}}` often symbolize voluntary repentance or grief [[Daniel 9:3]], the use of **kâphash** suggests an involuntary, imposed state of lament. It signifies being forcefully brought into a condition of utter desolation.
* **Figurative Subjugation:** The root definition "to tread down" is fully realized in this verse. Being covered with ashes is a tangible metaphor for being overwhelmed and pressed down by affliction, showing a state where one's dignity has been completely stripped away.
### Summary
In summary, `{{H3728}}` **kâphash** is a rare but impactful term. Its solitary use in scripture defines it as an action of profound humiliation and subjugation. Contextually linked to the brutal imagery of broken teeth and ashes, it powerfully encapsulates the physical and emotional experience of being utterly trodden down, making a significant theological statement about the depths of suffering despite appearing only once.
TRV