a primitive root; to shear; [idiom] only, poll. Compare כִּרְסֵם.
Transliteration:kâçam
Pronunciation:kaw-sam'
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### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew root H3697 (כָּסַם, kâçam) is defined as a primitive root meaning "to shear" or "to poll." The term "to shear" typically refers to the cutting of wool from sheep, while "to poll" can denote the cutting of hair from the head, often in a specific, controlled manner. The base definition notes an idiomatic usage, "only, poll," suggesting that its primary application in biblical literature is restricted to the cutting of hair, particularly human hair. This implies a deliberate, controlled reduction in length rather than a complete removal or a haphazard tearing. The comparison to `{{H3769}}` (כִּרְסֵם, kirsêm), "to gnaw" or "devour," highlights a semantic distinction: H3697 implies a clean, intentional cut, whereas `{{H3769}}` suggests a more destructive or ragged action.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The root H3697 (kâçam) appears only once in the Hebrew Bible, in the book of Ezekiel:
* **[[Ezekiel 44:20]]**: "Neither shall they shave their heads, nor suffer their locks to grow long; they shall only poll their heads."
This solitary occurrence is found within the detailed regulations concerning the priests in Ezekiel's vision of the new temple. The command here is specific to the hair of the priests. They are forbidden from two extremes: completely shaving their heads (a practice sometimes associated with pagan mourning rituals or idolatrous priests) and allowing their hair to grow long and unkempt (which could be associated with Nazirite vows, which were temporary and specific, or with a lack of discipline). Instead, they are commanded to "poll" (כָּסַם) their heads, indicating a moderate, trimmed, or cut style. This context firmly establishes H3697 as referring to the disciplined cutting of human hair, maintaining a specific, appropriate length for those consecrated to God's service.
### Related Words & Concepts
While H3697 (kâçam) is unique in its singular occurrence, it relates to other Hebrew terms dealing with cutting and grooming:
* **`{{H3769}}` (כִּרְסֵם, kirsêm)**: As noted in the base definition, this word means "to gnaw" or "devour." The comparison serves to distinguish H3697's clean, deliberate cut from a more destructive or ragged action.
* **`{{H1494}}` (גָּזַז, gāzaz)**: This verb means "to shear" (sheep) or "to cut off" (hair). It is used for shearing sheep (e.g., [[Genesis 31:19]]) and also for cutting human hair (e.g., [[Numbers 6:9]] for Nazirites, [[2 Samuel 14:26]] for Absalom). While H1494 has a broader application, H3697 in its sole usage is specific to the regulated trimming of priestly hair.
* **`{{H1590}}` (גָּזַב, gāzaḇ)**: To cut off, cut down, often in a sense of destruction or removal.
* **Concepts of Purity and Distinction**: The use of H3697 in [[Ezekiel 44:20]] is intricately linked to the broader concepts of ritual purity, holiness, and the distinctiveness required of those who serve God. The specific instruction regarding hair length is one of many regulations designed to set the priests apart from the common people and from pagan practices, emphasizing their consecrated status.
### Theological Significance
The singular appearance of H3697 (kâçam) in [[Ezekiel 44:20]] imbues it with significant theological weight, particularly concerning priestly holiness and divine order. The command to "poll" their heads is not merely an aesthetic preference but a divinely ordained regulation for the priests, symbolizing their disciplined life and dedication to God. It represents a middle path, avoiding the extremes of pagan practices (shaved heads, often associated with mourning rites or idolatrous cults) and unkemptness (long, wild hair, which could be seen as a lack of self-control or distinction). Thus, kâçam becomes a tangible expression of moderation, self-control, and adherence to God's precise instructions for those in sacred service. It underscores the principle that even outward appearance, when divinely commanded, reflects an inward commitment to holiness and separation unto the Lord. This act of trimming signifies a life lived under covenant, marked by order and intentionality in all aspects, reflecting the perfect order of God Himself.
### Summary
The Hebrew root H3697 (כָּסַם, kâçam) signifies "to shear" or, more specifically in its biblical usage, "to poll" or trim hair. Its sole occurrence in [[Ezekiel 44:20]] provides critical insight into its meaning and theological significance. In this verse, kâçam describes the precise instruction for priests to maintain a moderate hair length, avoiding both shaving their heads completely and allowing their hair to grow long. This command is a foundational element of priestly holiness and distinction, symbolizing moderation, discipline, and adherence to divine law. The act of kâçam is thus not merely a physical grooming practice but a profound theological statement, representing the consecrated life and the visible separation of God's ministers from the practices of the world, reflecting an inner commitment to order and reverence.
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