The Hebrew word kânâh, represented by H3655, is a primitive root that means to address by an additional name. Appearing 4 times across 4 unique verses, its core definition includes the concepts to eulogize, give flattering titles, or to surname oneself. This act of naming can range from a sincere expression of identity to an improper form of flattery.
In the biblical narrative, H3655 is used in two distinct contexts. In the book of Job, it carries a negative connotation. Elihu declares he will not "give flattering titles" to man, as he fears his Maker would soon take him away for such an act Job 32:21-22. In contrast, Isaiah uses the term to describe a positive act of designation and identity. God is shown to have "surnamed" Cyrus to fulfill His purpose, even before Cyrus knew Him Isaiah 45:4. It is also used to describe a future time when people will willingly "surname" themselves by the name of Israel, signifying their deep allegiance to the LORD Isaiah 44:5.
Several related words help clarify the meaning of giving a title or name:
- H7121 qârâʼ (to call out to): This word, meaning to address by name or proclaim, is used in conjunction with H3655. For instance, God's people are those "which are called by my name" 2 Chronicles 7:14, establishing an identity that one might later "surname" oneself with.
- H3789 kâthab (to write): This term emphasizes the formal and deliberate nature of claiming an identity. It is used in parallel with H3655 when a person not only surnames himself by the name of Israel but also "shall subscribe with his hand unto the LORD" Isaiah 44:5.
- H5375 nâsâʼ (to lift, accept, exalt): This word connects the act of giving a title with the concept of exalting someone. Elihu's refusal to give flattering titles H3655 is linked to his refusal to "accept any man's person" Job 32:21, showing that flattery is a form of improper exaltation.
The theological weight of H3655 is significant, touching on themes of sovereignty, identity, and worship.
- Divine Sovereignty: When God "surnamed" Cyrus, it was an expression of His absolute authority to appoint and use any individual to accomplish His will, highlighting a purpose designated by God alone Isaiah 45:4.
- Covenant Identity: The act of a person choosing to "surname" himself by the name of Israel is a powerful statement of personal faith and a desire to be counted among God's covenant people Isaiah 44:5.
- Prohibition of Flattery: Job's use of the term establishes a clear moral principle: giving "flattering titles" to mortals is an affront to the Creator. It shows partiality and directs honor away from God, who alone is worthy of ultimate praise Job 32:22.
In summary, H3655 is a nuanced word that defines the act of applying a special name or title. It can be a righteous act, whether performed by God to declare His sovereign purpose or by an individual to claim a covenant identity. However, it can also be a sinful act of flattery that dishonors God by improperly exalting man. The word illustrates the profound power that names and titles hold in defining allegiance and directing honor.
TRV