### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew word **kânâh**, represented by `{{H3655}}`, is a primitive root that means to **address by an additional name**. Appearing **4 times** across **4 unique verses**, its core definition includes the concepts to eulogize, give flattering titles, or to surname oneself. This act of naming can range from a sincere expression of identity to an improper form of flattery.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In the biblical narrative, `{{H3655}}` is used in two distinct contexts. In the book of Job, it carries a negative connotation. Elihu declares he will not "give **flattering titles**" to man, as he fears his Maker would soon take him away for such an act [[Job 32:21-22]]. In contrast, Isaiah uses the term to describe a positive act of designation and identity. God is shown to have "surnamed" Cyrus to fulfill His purpose, even before Cyrus knew Him [[Isaiah 45:4]]. It is also used to describe a future time when people will willingly "surname" themselves by the name of Israel, signifying their deep allegiance to the LORD [[Isaiah 44:5]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words help clarify the meaning of giving a title or name:
* `{{H7121}}` **qârâʼ** (to call out to): This word, meaning to address by name or proclaim, is used in conjunction with `{{H3655}}`. For instance, God’s people are those "which are **called** by my name" [[2 Chronicles 7:14]], establishing an identity that one might later "surname" oneself with.
* `{{H3789}}` **kâthab** (to write): This term emphasizes the formal and deliberate nature of claiming an identity. It is used in parallel with `{{H3655}}` when a person not only surnames himself by the name of Israel but also "shall **subscribe** with his hand unto the LORD" [[Isaiah 44:5]].
* `{{H5375}}` **nâsâʼ** (to lift, accept, exalt): This word connects the act of giving a title with the concept of exalting someone. Elihu’s refusal to give flattering titles `{{H3655}}` is linked to his refusal to "**accept** any man's person" [[Job 32:21]], showing that flattery is a form of improper exaltation.
### Theological Significance
The theological weight of `{{H3655}}` is significant, touching on themes of sovereignty, identity, and worship.
* **Divine Sovereignty:** When God "surnamed" Cyrus, it was an expression of His absolute authority to appoint and use any individual to accomplish His will, highlighting a purpose designated by God alone [[Isaiah 45:4]].
* **Covenant Identity:** The act of a person choosing to "surname" himself by the name of Israel is a powerful statement of personal faith and a desire to be counted among God's covenant people [[Isaiah 44:5]].
* **Prohibition of Flattery:** Job's use of the term establishes a clear moral principle: giving "flattering titles" to mortals is an affront to the Creator. It shows partiality and directs honor away from God, who alone is worthy of ultimate praise [[Job 32:22]].
### Summary
In summary, `{{H3655}}` is a nuanced word that defines the act of applying a special name or title. It can be a righteous act, whether performed by God to declare His sovereign purpose or by an individual to claim a covenant identity. However, it can also be a sinful act of flattery that dishonors God by improperly exalting man. The word illustrates the profound power that names and titles hold in defining allegiance and directing honor.
TRV