### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew word **yâthôwm**, represented by `{{H3490}}`, refers to a **bereaved person**, most specifically a **fatherless (child)** or **orphan**. It comes from an unused root meaning "to be lonely." The word appears **42 times** in **42 unique verses**, highlighting its consistent use in describing a state of vulnerability and social disadvantage.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In the biblical narrative, `{{H3490}}` is almost always used within a specific social context alongside the widow and the stranger. God's law commands that the **fatherless** be provided for from the harvest [[Deuteronomy 24:19]] and the tithe [[Deuteronomy 14:29]]. Scripture contains strong prohibitions against afflicting the **fatherless child** [[Exodus 22:22]] or perverting their judgment [[Deuteronomy 27:19]]. Conversely, leaders are condemned when they fail to judge the **fatherless** [[Isaiah 1:23]]. The ultimate protection for the orphan comes from God Himself, who is described as a "father of the **fatherless**" [[Psalms 68:5]] and the one who relieveth them [[Psalms 146:9]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words help define the social and legal status of the fatherless:
* `{{H490}}` **'almânâh** (widow): This word for a **widow** is consistently paired with **yâthôwm**, establishing a key group of vulnerable people who require special protection and justice under God's law [[Exodus 22:22]].
* `{{H1616}}` **gêr** (stranger): Often appearing with the fatherless and widow, this term for a **foreigner** or **sojourner** completes a trio of socially unprotected individuals for whom Israel was commanded to care [[Deuteronomy 24:19]].
* `{{H1}}` **ʼâb** (father): As the direct counterpart to being fatherless, this word establishes the missing relationship. The most profound use is when God is called the **father** of the **fatherless**, fulfilling the role the orphan lacks [[Psalms 68:5]].
* `{{H6231}}` **ʻâshaq** (oppress): This verb, meaning to **oppress** or defraud, describes the specific action forbidden against the fatherless. God warns against those who **oppress** the **fatherless**, promising to be a swift witness against them [[Malachi 3:5]].
### Theological Significance
The theological weight of `{{H3490}}` is significant, revealing key aspects of God's character and his expectations for His people.
* **Divine Justice:** The repeated commands to care for the **fatherless** establish a benchmark for righteousness. Seeking justice and relieving the oppressed is a core part of learning to do well in God's eyes [[Isaiah 1:17]].
* **God as Protector:** God explicitly identifies Himself as the defender of the fatherless. He executes judgment for them [[Deuteronomy 10:18]], preserves them [[Psalms 146:9]], and is their helper [[Psalms 10:14]].
* **A Measure of Righteousness:** The treatment of the **fatherless** serves as a litmus test for the spiritual state of Israel's leaders and people. Neglecting their cause is a sign of rebellion and corruption [[Isaiah 1:23]], while delivering them is a mark of righteousness [[Job 29:12]].
* **Consequences of Iniquity:** Becoming **fatherless** is presented as a consequence of divine judgment. God warns that the children of those who disobey Him and afflict others will themselves become **fatherless** ([[Exodus 22:24]], [[Psalms 109:9]]).
### Summary
In summary, `{{H3490}}` **yâthôwm** is far more than a simple term for an orphan. It is a cornerstone of biblical social ethics, defining a class of vulnerable individuals placed under the direct care of God and his covenant people. The word serves as a constant reminder that the measure of a just society is how it treats those who cannot defend themselves, and it reveals the character of God as the ultimate Father and defender of the lonely and bereaved.
TRV