from חָמַר; wine (as fermenting); [idiom] pure, red wine.
Transliteration:chemer
Pronunciation:kheh'-mer
Detailed Word Study
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### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew term חֶמֶר (transliterated as *chemer*, Strong's `{{H2561}}`) is derived from the root חָמַר (Strong's `{{H2560}}`), which carries the primary meanings "to be red," "to ferment," "to boil," or "to foam." This etymological connection is crucial for understanding *chemer*'s semantic range. At its core, *chemer* refers to "wine," but with specific nuances. The base definition highlights two key aspects: "wine (as fermenting)" and, idiomatically, "pure, red wine."
This suggests that *chemer* is not merely a generic term for wine (like `{{H3196}}` *yayin*) but denotes a particular kind—one characterized by its color (red) and its state of fermentation, implying potency or unadulterated strength. The "pure" aspect likely refers to wine that is unmixed with water, thus retaining its full strength and color. The inherent "redness" is a direct link to its root, evoking the deep hue of grape juice undergoing fermentation, or perhaps even the color of blood, which carries significant symbolic weight in biblical thought.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The term *chemer* (`{{H2561}}`) appears infrequently in the Hebrew Bible, but its limited occurrences are highly significant, each contextually enriching its meaning:
* **[[Deuteronomy 32:14]]**: In the Song of Moses, describing God's blessing upon Israel, it is stated, "You drank the pure blood of the grape" (*dam-ʿēnav chemer*). Here, *chemer* is associated with the "blood of the grape," emphasizing its rich, unadulterated quality and deep red color. This verse depicts a land of extraordinary abundance and fertility, where the finest, most potent wine is readily available as a divine provision. It symbolizes the richness and fullness of God's covenant blessings.
* **[[Isaiah 27:2]]**: "In that day, 'A vineyard of pure wine, sing of it!'" (*kerem chemer*). This verse is part of a prophetic song concerning Israel, often interpreted as a lament or a song of hope for the restored people. The "vineyard of pure wine" again highlights the quality and richness of the produce, symbolizing God's care and cultivation of His people. It speaks to a future state of blessing and flourishing under divine protection.
* **[[Psalm 75:8]]**: "For in the hand of the Lord there is a cup, and the wine is red; it is full of mixture, and He pours it out; surely all the wicked of the earth shall drain and drink down its dregs." (*yayin chamār*). While the form here is *chamār* (related to the root, often translated "red"), it is strongly linked to the concept of *chemer* as potent, red wine. In this context, *chemer* (or its root form) takes on a dramatically different connotation. It is the wine of God's wrath, a symbol of divine judgment poured out upon the wicked. The "redness" here evokes not blessing but the intensity of divine fury, perhaps even the shedding of blood. The "dregs" emphasize the full, unmitigated measure of this judgment.
These occurrences demonstrate *chemer*'s dual nature: a potent symbol of divine blessing and abundance, and an equally potent metaphor for divine judgment and wrath. The "purity" or "potency" of the wine is key, suggesting an unadulterated experience, whether of favor or retribution.
### Related Words & Concepts
The primary related word is the verbal root חָמַר (Strong's `{{H2560}}`), "to be red," "to ferment," "to boil," "to foam." This root directly informs *chemer*'s meaning, emphasizing its color and the process of fermentation that gives it strength.
Other Hebrew words for wine or grape products include:
* **יַיִן** (*yayin*, Strong's `{{H3196}}`): The most common and general term for wine, fermented grape juice.
* **תִּירוֹשׁ** (*tirosh*, Strong's `{{H8492}}`): Refers to new wine or must, often associated with agricultural prosperity and blessings, particularly in the context of tithes and offerings.
* **עָסִיס** (*asis*, Strong's `{{H6071}}`): Denotes sweet wine or fresh grape juice, often associated with abundance or prophetic imagery.
What distinguishes *chemer* (`{{H2561}}`) from these other terms is its particular emphasis on the wine's *red color* and its *pure, strong, or fermented quality*. While *yayin* is generic, and *tirosh* and *asis* often refer to new or sweet wine, *chemer* specifically points to a potent, mature, and unmixed red wine. This specificity allows it to carry the profound symbolic weight observed in its biblical contexts, highlighting intensity and unadulterated nature.
### Theological Significance
The theological significance of *chemer* (`{{H2561}}`) lies in its powerful dual symbolism, reflecting different facets of God's character and interaction with humanity:
* **Divine Blessing and Abundance:** In [[Deuteronomy 32:14]] and [[Isaiah 27:2]], *chemer* symbolizes the lavishness of God's provision and the richness of the land He bestows upon His people. It speaks to a state of flourishing and prosperity that is a direct result of divine favor. The "pure, red wine" signifies the highest quality of blessing, a testament to God's faithfulness to His covenant. It embodies the concept of a "land flowing with milk and honey," but with a specific emphasis on the vibrant and potent fruit of the vine.
* **Divine Judgment and Wrath:** Conversely, in [[Psalm 75:8]], the "red wine" in the cup of the Lord's hand becomes a stark metaphor for His unadulterated wrath against the wicked. The "redness" here evokes the intensity of judgment, perhaps even the shedding of blood or destruction. The "pure" or "unmixed" quality of the wine underscores the fact that God's judgment is complete and unavoidable; there is no dilution or escape from its full measure. This illustrates the holiness and justice of God, who will not allow wickedness to go unpunished.
This duality underscores a profound theological truth: the very elements that signify blessing for the righteous can become instruments or symbols of judgment for the wicked. The potency and purity inherent in *chemer* make it a fitting symbol for both the richness of God's grace and the severity of His justice.
### Summary
חֶמֶר (*chemer*, Strong's `{{H2561}}`) is a Hebrew term derived from the root meaning "to be red" or "to ferment," denoting a specific type of wine: red, fermented, and often understood as pure or potent. Though appearing rarely in the Old Testament, its occurrences are deeply significant. In [[Deuteronomy 32:14]] and [[Isaiah 27:2]], *chemer* serves as a powerful symbol of God's abundant blessing and provision for His people, representing the richness and fertility of the promised land. However, in [[Psalm 75:8]], the "red wine" in the Lord's cup takes on a contrasting meaning, symbolizing the unadulterated and intense wrath of God poured out in judgment upon the wicked. Thus, *chemer* functions as a potent dual metaphor, embodying both the fullness of divine favor and the severity of divine retribution, highlighting the unmixed and powerful nature of God's dealings with humanity.
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