### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew word **châṭab**, represented by `{{H2404}}`, is a primitive root meaning **to chop or carve wood; cut down, hew(-er), polish**. It appears **9 times** across **9 unique verses** in the Bible. Its usage primarily relates to the physical act of cutting wood, but it also carries metaphorical weight, from describing a lowly station to a work of refined beauty.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In biblical narratives, `{{H2404}}` often defines a specific, laborious role. It is famously used to describe the fate of the Gibeonites, who were made "**hewers** of wood and drawers of water" for the congregation and the altar of the LORD as a consequence of their deception [[Joshua 9:27]]. This phrase denotes a position of servitude [[Joshua 9:23]]. The term is also used to describe the workforce Solomon employed to **cut** timber for the temple [[2 Chronicles 2:10]] and appears in the context of divine law, outlining what happens when a man accidentally kills another while hewing wood [[Deuteronomy 19:5]]. In a striking metaphorical use, it is translated as **polished** to describe daughters as ornate corner stones [[Psalms 144:12]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words provide context for the act of hewing:
* `{{H6086}}` **ʻêts** (a tree; hence, wood): This is the object of the action of `{{H2404}}`. The law in Deuteronomy describes a man going into the wood to hew **wood** [[Deuteronomy 19:5]], and in Ezekiel, the Israelites will not need to cut down **wood** from the forests [[Ezekiel 39:10]].
* `{{H7579}}` **shâʼab** (to bale up water): This action is frequently paired with `{{H2404}}` to describe a class of manual laborers. The phrase "hewers of wood and **drawers** of water" appears multiple times to describe this role ([[Deuteronomy 29:11]], [[Joshua 9:21]]).
* `{{H1631}}` **garzen** (an axe): This is the tool used for hewing. It is mentioned in the law concerning accidental death, where the head of the **ax** slips from the helve while a man is hewing wood [[Deuteronomy 19:5]].
* `{{H3772}}` **kârath** (to cut): This verb is often used in conjunction with hewing. The servants Solomon hired were hewers that **cut** timber [[2 Chronicles 2:10]].
### Theological Significance
The word `{{H2404}}` carries significant thematic weight in scripture.
* **Servitude and Consecrated Labor:** The role of a "hewer of wood" is established as a lowly one, a curse for the Gibeonites. However, this labor directly serves God's house and altar, showing that even menial work can be consecrated for a holy purpose ([[Joshua 9:23]], [[Joshua 9:27]]).
* **Divine Law and Justice:** The inclusion of hewing wood in the Mosaic Law demonstrates God's concern for everyday life and justice. The law provides for refuge in the case of an accidental death that occurs during this common task [[Deuteronomy 19:5]].
* **Metaphor for Beauty:** In Psalms, the word is elevated from a rough act of chopping to a skilled act of polishing. Describing daughters as corner stones that are **polished** shows a divine artistry and value placed on individuals, shaped for a glorious purpose [[Psalms 144:12]].
* **Instrument of Judgment:** An invading army is described as advancing with axes "as **hewers** of wood," using the imagery of woodcutting to portray overwhelming and destructive force [[Jeremiah 46:22]].
### Summary
In summary, `{{H2404}}` is a term whose meaning extends beyond its simple definition of chopping wood. It functions as a descriptor for a social and economic class, a central element in legal scenarios, and a powerful metaphor. The word's application ranges from the grueling labor of a servant providing wood for the altar to the delicate skill of a craftsman polishing a palace cornerstone, illustrating how a basic physical act can signify concepts of servitude, justice, judgment, and divine beautification.
TRV