### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek verb φθονέω (phthonéō), Strong's number `{{G5354}}`, derives directly from the noun φθόνος (phthonos), Strong's number `{{G5355}}`, which signifies "envy" or "jealousy." Thus, φθονέω fundamentally means "to be jealous of," "to envy," or "to begrudge." It describes the active state of feeling ill-will or resentment towards another's possessions, achievements, or advantages. This emotion is inherently negative, rooted in a covetous desire for what another has, coupled with a malicious wish for their loss or misfortune. Unlike a healthy desire for self-improvement or righteous zeal, φθονέω represents a destructive and unholy disposition that seeks to diminish others.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The verb φθονέω appears only once in the New Testament, found in Paul's epistle to the Galatians:
* **[[Galatians 5:26]]**: "Let us not become conceited, provoking one another, envying one another." (μὴ γινώμεθα κενόδοξοι, ἀλλήλους προκαλούμενοι, ἀλλήλους φθονοῦντες.)
In this crucial passage, φθονέω is listed as one of the negative behaviors that characterize those who walk "according to the flesh" rather than "by the Spirit" (cf. [[Galatians 5:16]]). Paul directly warns the Galatian believers against this vice, placing it alongside "conceit" (κενόδοξοι) and "provoking" (προκαλούμενοι). The sequence suggests a progression: conceit can lead to a desire to provoke others, which in turn can foster an environment of envy. To "envy one another" in this context implies a competitive, resentful spirit among believers, undermining the unity and love that should define the Christian community. It stands in stark contrast to the fruit of the Spirit, particularly love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, and self-control, which are listed immediately prior ([[Galatians 5:22-23]]). The inclusion of φθονέω here highlights its destructive potential within the church body, disrupting fellowship and hindering spiritual growth.
### Related Words & Concepts
The concept of envy is deeply woven into the fabric of biblical ethics, appearing in various forms and related terms:
* **φθόνος (phthonos)** `{{G5355}}`: This is the noun form, meaning "envy" or "jealousy." It is frequently found in lists of vices, such as [[Romans 1:29]], [[Philippians 1:15]], [[1 Timothy 6:4]], and [[Titus 3:3]], underscoring its pervasive and destructive nature. It is the underlying disposition that φθονέω describes.
* **ζῆλος (zēlos)** `{{G2205}}`: While often translated as "zeal" and capable of having a positive connotation (e.g., zeal for God, [[Romans 10:2]]), ζῆλος can also denote a negative "jealousy" or "envy," particularly when it leads to strife or contention. Examples include [[Romans 13:13]], [[1 Corinthians 3:3]], and [[2 Corinthians 12:20]]. The distinction often lies in the object and motivation of the "zeal." When directed at another's good with ill intent, it aligns closely with φθόνος.
* **ἔρις (eris)** `{{G2054}}` and **ἐριθεία (erithea)** `{{G2052}}`: These terms relate to "strife," "contention," and "selfish ambition." They often arise from or are accompanied by envy. Envy can fuel a desire to compete unfairly or to undermine others, leading to divisive behaviors and factions within a community. They are frequently found alongside φθόνος in vice lists (e.g., [[Romans 13:13]], [[Galatians 5:20]]).
* **πλεονεξία (pleonexia)** `{{G4124}}`: "Covetousness" or "greed." While not identical, envy often springs from a covetous desire for what another possesses. The desire to have more (πλεονεξία) can easily morph into resentment when someone else is perceived to have more (φθόνος).
### Theological Significance
The single occurrence of φθονέω in [[Galatians 5:26]] is profoundly significant because it places envy among the "works of the flesh" that stand in direct opposition to the Spirit-led life. Theologically, envy is understood as a fundamental distortion of love and a violation of the tenth commandment, "You shall not covet" ([[Exodus 20:17]]). It is an inward sin that, if left unchecked, can manifest in outward actions of malice, strife, and division.
Envy reflects a discontentment with God's provision and sovereignty, as it begrudges what God has given to others. It is antithetical to Christian humility, gratitude, and contentment. Furthermore, envy undermines the unity of the body of Christ, as it fosters competition and resentment rather than mutual support and rejoicing in one another's blessings. The Spirit-filled life is characterized by love that "does not envy" ([[1 Corinthians 13:4]]), but rather "rejoices with those who rejoice" ([[Romans 12:15]]). To φθονέω is to reject this cruciform love and embrace a self-centered, destructive worldview. The warning in Galatians thus serves as a call to introspection and repentance, urging believers to crucify the flesh with its passions and desires, allowing the Spirit to cultivate a community marked by genuine affection and unity.
### Summary
The Greek verb φθονέω (phthonéō), Strong's number `{{G5354}}`, precisely captures the destructive act of "envying" or "being jealous of" another. Its singular but potent appearance in [[Galatians 5:26]] positions it squarely among the "works of the flesh," highlighting its opposition to the Spirit-led life. Rooted in the negative emotion of φθόνος (envy), φθονέω signifies a resentful disposition that begrudges the success or possessions of others, fostering division and undermining Christian unity. Theologically, it represents a profound spiritual illness, contradicting the love, humility, and contentment that should characterize believers. The biblical witness calls for Christians to actively reject φθονέω, embracing instead a Spirit-empowered life of mutual love, joy, and appreciation for one another's blessings.
TRV