probably from the base of σαίνω; a vibration, i.e. (specially), billow:--wave.
Transliteration:sálos
Pronunciation:sal'-os
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### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek noun σάλος (G4535), transliterated as *sálos*, primarily denotes a "vibration" or "shaking." Derived from the base of σαίνω (*sainō*), which suggests wagging, shaking, or moving to and fro, σάλος captures the essence of an unsteady, oscillatory motion. When applied specifically to water, its semantic range narrows to describe a "billow" or "wave"—a dynamic, unstable movement of the sea. Thus, the word conveys a sense of agitation, unrest, and lack of fixedness, particularly in a fluid medium.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The term σάλος (G4535) appears only once in the New Testament, in the eschatological discourse of Jesus:
* [[Luke 21:25]]: "And there will be signs in sun and moon and stars, and on the earth distress of nations in perplexity because of the roaring of the sea and the waves (σάλου)."
In this singular occurrence, σάλος is used in conjunction with the "roaring of the sea" (ἠχοῖ θαλάσσης) to describe one of the terrifying signs preceding the coming of the Son of Man. The "waves" here are not merely natural phenomena but contribute to a global sense of distress and perplexity among the nations. They represent the tumultuous, uncontrollable, and overwhelming power of nature unleashed, serving as a harbinger of cosmic upheaval and the end of the age. The context emphasizes the fear and uncertainty that will grip humanity as the established order seems to dissolve.
### Related Words & Concepts
Several Greek terms share a conceptual kinship with σάλος (G4535), either through their semantic domain of water movement or general instability:
* κλύδων (kludōn, `{{G2830}}`): Often translated as "wave" or "billow," this word typically implies a more violent or surging wave, as seen in [[James 1:6]] (a double-minded man tossed like a wave) or [[Acts 27:41]] (the ship broken by the waves). While both σάλος and κλύδων refer to waves, σάλος emphasizes the inherent vibration/shaking, while κλύδων highlights the tumultuous surge.
* κῦμα (kuma, `{{G2949}}`): A more general term for a "wave" of the sea, found in passages like [[Matthew 8:24]] where the boat was covered by the waves.
* θάλασσα (thalassa, `{{G2281}}`): The "sea" itself, often used metonymically to represent its power, vastness, or danger. The σάλος is an expression of the sea's inherent instability.
* σαλεύω (saleuō, `{{G4531}}`): The verb form related to σάλος, meaning "to shake," "to cause to totter," or "to move." It is used for the shaking of foundations, mountains, or even the heavens and earth, reinforcing the concept of fundamental instability (e.g., [[Hebrews 12:26-27]]).
* σεισμός (seismos, `{{G4578}}`): A "shaking," "earthquake," or "tempest," often denoting a violent disturbance.
These related terms collectively paint a picture of a world subject to profound physical and cosmic agitation, of which the σάλος of the sea is a vivid manifestation.
### Theological Significance
The singular use of σάλος (G4535) in [[Luke 21:25]] carries significant theological weight within the eschatological discourse:
1. **Divine Judgment and Cosmic Disorder:** The "roaring of the sea and waves" points to a period of intense cosmic disorder and distress. This is not random chaos but a divinely ordained sign, part of the "birth pains" (ὠδῖνες) that precede the new age. It highlights God's sovereign control even over the most tumultuous elements of creation, using them to signal the impending culmination of His redemptive plan and the judgment of the world.
2. **Human Vulnerability and Perplexity:** The σάλος contributes to the "distress of nations in perplexity" (ἀπορίας). This underscores humanity's inherent vulnerability and lack of control in the face of overwhelming natural and cosmic forces. It reveals the fragility of human security and the futility of relying solely on earthly stability, thereby pointing to the ultimate need for divine intervention and reliance on God.
3. **Symbolism of the Sea:** In biblical thought, the sea often symbolizes the chaotic, the unknown, and forces hostile to God's order (e.g., the "beast from the sea" in Revelation). The σάλος amplifies this symbolism, representing the unleashed, untamed, and terrifying aspects of this chaotic realm, which will be subdued in the new heavens and new earth where there is "no more sea" ([[Revelation 21:1]]).
4. **Prophetic Signpost:** As a prophetic sign, the σάλος serves as a call to spiritual discernment and readiness. While terrifying to the uninitiated, for believers, these signs are not cause for despair but for hope, as they indicate that the redemption draws near ([[Luke 21:28]]).
### Summary
The Greek word σάλος (G4535), denoting a "wave" or "billow" arising from a root meaning "vibration" or "shaking," appears uniquely in [[Luke 21:25]]. In this pivotal eschatological passage, the σάλος of the sea is presented as a terrifying sign of the end times, contributing to the global distress and perplexity of nations. It powerfully conveys the concept of cosmic upheaval and the unleashing of nature's formidable, uncontrollable forces. Theologically, σάλος underscores humanity's vulnerability in the face of such phenomena, highlights God's sovereign use of even chaotic elements to fulfill His prophetic timeline, and serves as a vivid symbolic representation of the world's profound instability prior to the glorious return of Christ and the establishment of His eternal, unshakable kingdom.
TRV