from a presumed derivative of πτύω (and thus akin to πτοέω); to frighten:--terrify.
Transliteration:ptýrō
Pronunciation:ptoo'-ro
Detailed Word Study
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### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek verb πτύρω (ptýrō, `{{G4426}}`) carries the core meaning of "to frighten" or "to terrify." Its etymological root is often linked to πτύω (ptýō, "to spit"), suggesting a visceral reaction of recoil or repulsion, and more directly to πτοέω (ptoéō, "to terrify, startle, cause to flee"). This connection implies that πτύρω denotes the act of being made fearful, startled, or put into a state of dread by an external agent. It describes the active imposition of terror upon an individual, leading to a state of alarm or intimidation rather than merely an internal feeling of fear. The semantic range is therefore narrow, focusing specifically on the experience of being subjected to fright.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The word πτύρω (ptýrō, `{{G4426}}`) appears only once in the New Testament, in the Apostle Paul's letter to the Philippians:
* **[[Philippians 1:28]]**: "and in nothing terrified by your adversaries, which is to them a proof of destruction, but of your salvation, and that from God."
In this sole occurrence, πτύρω is used in the passive voice ("terrified," or more literally, "being terrified"), indicating that the Philippian believers are the recipients of an attempt to instill fear. Paul exhorts them not to be intimidated or put into a state of terror by their opponents. The context is one of steadfastness in the face of persecution and opposition for the sake of the Gospel. The adversaries' intent is to cause fear and disheartenment, thereby hindering the advance of the Christian witness. However, Paul insists that the believers' unwavering courage and refusal to be intimidated serves as a clear sign: a sign of impending destruction for the adversaries and a sign of God-given salvation for the believers. This verse underscores the spiritual battle and the importance of inner fortitude grounded in faith.
### Related Words & Concepts
The etymological connection of πτύρω (ptýrō, `{{G4426}}`) to πτύω (ptýō, "to spit") and πτοέω (ptoéō, "to terrify, startle") highlights its meaning of causing a sudden, alarming reaction. Other Greek terms related to fear or dread, though not directly synonyms of πτύρω in its active sense, provide a broader semantic field for understanding the concept of intimidation:
* φόβος (phobos, `{{G5401}}`): "fear," "dread," "terror." This is the general noun for the emotion of fear.
* φοβέω (phobeō, `{{G5399}}`): "to fear," "to be afraid." This is the general verb for experiencing fear.
* δειλία (deilia, `{{G1169}}`): "timidity," "cowardice." This describes a disposition towards fear.
* ἔκφοβος (ekphobos, `{{G1630}}`): "terrified," "greatly afraid." This adjective describes one who is in a state of intense fear.
The concept of πτύρω also stands in contrast to ideas of courage, steadfastness, and spiritual resolve, which are central to Christian discipleship. It relates to the broader New Testament themes of spiritual warfare and perseverance in the face of adversity, where believers are called to stand firm rather than succumb to intimidation.
### Theological Significance
The singular appearance of πτύρω (ptýrō, `{{G4426}}`) in [[Philippians 1:28]] carries profound theological weight. It speaks directly to the nature of Christian witness and endurance in a hostile world. The exhortation not to be "terrified by your adversaries" implies several key theological points:
1. **Anticipated Opposition:** It acknowledges that believers will face opposition and attempts at intimidation from those hostile to the Gospel. This is not an anomaly but an expected reality of the Christian life.
2. **Divine Empowerment for Steadfastness:** The command to resist terror is not based on human strength but on divine enablement. Believers are called to a courage that transcends natural fear, a courage rooted in their identity in Christ and the power of the Holy Spirit.
3. **Testimony to Opponents:** The believers' refusal to be terrified serves as a powerful, undeniable sign to their adversaries. Their steadfastness becomes a "proof of destruction" for the opponents, revealing the futility of their efforts against God's purposes, and simultaneously a "proof of salvation" for the believers, demonstrating the reality of God's sustaining grace.
4. **The Nature of Christian Peace:** This verse implicitly contrasts the world's attempts to instill fear with the "peace of God, which surpasses all understanding" ([[Philippians 4:7]]). True Christian peace is not the absence of external threats, but the presence of Christ's calming power amidst them, enabling believers to remain un-terrified.
5. **Spiritual Warfare:** The use of πτύρω highlights the spiritual dimension of the conflict. The adversaries' goal is not merely physical harm but spiritual intimidation, aiming to undermine faith and silence witness. The believers' resistance to terror is therefore a victory in spiritual warfare.
### Summary
The Greek word πτύρω (ptýrō, `{{G4426}}`) signifies the act of being put into a state of terror or fright by an external agent. Its singular, yet highly significant, occurrence in [[Philippians 1:28]] serves as a powerful exhortation to Christian believers. In this context, it underscores the call to unwavering steadfastness and courage in the face of adversarial attempts to intimidate. The believers' refusal to be "terrified" is presented as a divine sign — a sign of impending judgment for the opponents and a clear demonstration of God's salvific work and sustaining power for His people. Thus, πτύρω encapsulates the spiritual resilience required of those who follow Christ, empowering them to stand firm against fear and to bear witness to the truth, even amidst intense opposition.
TRV