of Latin origin; the "purple" mussel, i.e. (by implication) the red-blue color itself, and finally a garment dyed with it:--purple.
Transliteration:porphýra
Pronunciation:por-foo'-rah
Detailed Word Study
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### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek term G4209 (πορφύρα, *porphýra*) originally referred to the Murex mollusk, a marine snail from which a highly prized and expensive purple dye was extracted. By extension, the word came to signify the dye itself, the deep red-blue or violet color produced, and most commonly, garments dyed with this distinctive hue. The color purple was exceptionally costly to produce, requiring vast numbers of mollusks for even a small amount of dye, thus making purple garments a symbol of immense wealth, luxury, and high status, often associated with royalty, nobility, and high-ranking officials. Its Latin origin underscores its widespread recognition and value in the ancient Mediterranean world. The semantic range therefore extends from the biological source to the material product and its social implications.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
G4209 appears a limited number of times in the New Testament, but each occurrence carries significant symbolic weight:
* **Mark 15:17, 15:20**: Here, a *porphýra* robe is placed on Jesus by the Roman soldiers as part of their mockery of His kingship. In [[Mark 15:17]], they "clothed him with purple" (ἐνδύουσιν αὐτὸν πορφύραν), and in [[Mark 15:20]], they remove it before leading Him away to be crucified. This act is deeply ironic; they intend to humiliate Him by dressing Him as a false king, yet unknowingly, they acknowledge His true, albeit spiritual, sovereignty. The purple, a color of imperial power, highlights the stark contrast between worldly authority and the humble, suffering King of kings.
* **Luke 16:19**: In the parable of the rich man and Lazarus, the rich man is described as being "clothed in purple and fine linen" (ἐνεδιδύσκετο πορφύραν καὶ βύσσον). Here, *porphýra* unequivocally signifies extreme wealth, luxury, and social status. It underscores the rich man's opulent lifestyle and his complete absorption in earthly comforts, contrasting sharply with Lazarus's destitution. The purple garment becomes a symbol of the rich man's self-indulgent life and his spiritual blindness to the needs of others.
* **Revelation 17:4**: The "great harlot," Babylon, is depicted as "clothed in purple and scarlet" (περιβεβλημένη πορφύραν καὶ κόκκινον). This imagery emphasizes her opulent display, her spiritual harlotry, and her entanglement with the world's rulers. The purple here symbolizes her immense earthly power, wealth, and seductive allure, which she uses to deceive and corrupt the nations. It is a mark of her blasphemous claim to power and her idolatrous nature.
* **Revelation 18:12, 18:16**: In the lament over Babylon's fall, *porphýra* is listed among the precious commodities that merchants traded, lamenting the loss of her luxurious goods. [[Revelation 18:12]] mentions "merchandise of gold and silver...and purple" (χρυσοῦ καὶ ἀργύρου...καὶ πορφύρας), and [[Revelation 18:16]] reiterates her being "clothed in fine linen, purple, and scarlet" (περεβλημένη βύσσινον καὶ πορφύραν καὶ κόκκινον). These verses reinforce the idea of Babylon's excessive wealth and material splendor, which are ultimately shown to be transient and subject to divine judgment.
### Related Words & Concepts
The concept of luxurious and distinctive clothing, particularly purple, often appears in conjunction with other valuable materials or colors, underscoring its significance.
* **Fine Linen (βύσσος, *byssos*):** Often paired with *porphýra* (e.g., [[Luke 16:19]], [[Revelation 18:16]]), fine linen was also a very expensive fabric, further emphasizing wealth and status.
* **Scarlet (κόκκινος, *kokkinos*):** Frequently associated with *porphýra* in Revelation ([[Revelation 17:4]], [[Revelation 18:16]]), scarlet also denoted luxury, but in the prophetic context, it often carried connotations of sin, bloodshed, and moral depravity (cf. [[Isaiah 1:18]]).
* **Blue (תְּכֵלֶת, `{{H8504}}` *tekhēleth*):** In the Old Testament, blue and purple dyes were both used in the construction of the Tabernacle and the priestly garments (e.g., [[Exodus 25:4]], [[Exodus 28:5-6]]), signifying sacredness, royalty, and divine majesty. While G4209 does not appear in the Septuagint for these specific contexts, the association of color with status and sacredness is a consistent biblical theme.
* **Concepts:** Royalty, wealth, luxury, status, pride, idolatry, mockery, judgment, spiritual corruption. The word is consistently tied to outward appearance and material possessions, often in contrast to spiritual realities.
### Theological Significance
The theological significance of G4209 (πορφύρα) is multifaceted, primarily highlighting themes of worldly power, wealth, and their spiritual implications:
* **Mockery of Divine Kingship:** The purple robe placed on Jesus by Roman soldiers in Mark's Gospel profoundly symbolizes the world's rejection and mockery of Christ's true, spiritual kingship. It underscores the stark contrast between the fleeting, superficial power of earthly rulers and the humble, suffering, yet ultimately sovereign reign of God's Son. This act of derision inadvertently points to His genuine royal identity, fulfilled not through worldly pomp but through sacrificial love and obedience.
* **Warning Against Worldly Riches and Self-Indulgence:** In the parable of the rich man and Lazarus, the rich man's purple clothing serves as a potent symbol of his excessive earthly wealth and self-absorption. This opulence, rather than being inherently evil, represents his misplaced priorities and his failure to acknowledge God or care for the impoverished. It functions as a stark warning against the spiritual dangers of materialism and the pursuit of transient comforts over eternal values.
* **Symbol of Spiritual Corruption and Idolatry:** In the book of Revelation, *porphýra* is a defining characteristic of the "great harlot" Babylon. Here, it denotes not just wealth but also spiritual corruption, idolatry, and the seductive allure of a world system opposed to God. The luxurious purple garments symbolize her blasphemous pride, her entanglement with earthly powers, and her ultimate condemnation. It represents the deceptive beauty and destructive nature of worldly glory when it usurps God's rightful place.
* **Transient Nature of Earthly Glory:** Across its biblical occurrences, *porphýra* consistently points to earthly status, power, and wealth, which are ultimately shown to be temporary and subject to divine judgment. Whether used to mock Christ, define a self-indulgent rich man, or adorn the doomed Babylon, the color purple serves as a powerful visual metaphor for the fleeting nature of human glory in the face of God's eternal kingdom.
### Summary
G4209 (πορφύρα, *porphýra*) denotes the costly purple dye derived from a mollusk, the resulting deep red-blue color, and garments dyed with it. In the New Testament, its usage is highly symbolic: it represents the world's **mockery of Christ's true kingship** in Mark's Gospel, highlighting the profound irony of His suffering sovereignty. In the parable of the rich man and Lazarus, it signifies **excessive worldly wealth and self-indulgence**, serving as a cautionary example against materialism. Most prominently in Revelation, *porphýra* is a key descriptor of the "great harlot" Babylon, symbolizing her **immense earthly power, luxury, and spiritual corruption**, ultimately pointing to her idolatry and impending judgment. Across its biblical contexts, *porphýra* consistently underscores the transient and often spiritually dangerous nature of earthly status and wealth when contrasted with God's eternal kingdom and values.
TRV