### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek word **mnēsteúō**, represented by `{{G3423}}`, means to betroth or espouse, derived from the idea of giving an engagement present. It appears **3 times** across **3 unique verses** in the Bible, making it a highly specific term used in a distinct context.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In all of its biblical occurrences, `{{G3423}}` is used to describe the relationship between Mary and Joseph before the birth of Jesus. It establishes that Mary was legally **espoused** to Joseph, a man of the house of David, at the time of the angelic announcement [[Luke 1:27]]. This betrothal is highlighted as preceding their physical union, as [[Matthew 1:18]] states that "before they came together, she was found with child of the Holy Ghost." The term is used a final time when Joseph travels with Mary, his **espoused** wife, for the taxation [[Luke 2:5]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words help clarify the context of this betrothal:
* `{{G2501}}` **Iōsḗph**: This is the name for **Joseph**, the man to whom Mary was espoused in all three instances of the term ([[Matthew 1:18]], [[Luke 1:27]]). His status as her betrothed is central to the narrative.
* `{{G1135}}` **gynḗ**: Meaning a **woman** or **wife**, this word is used in [[Luke 2:5]] to describe Mary as Joseph's "espoused **wife**," defining her legal status within the betrothal.
* `{{G4905}}` **synérchomai**: This word means to **come together** or cohabit. Its use in [[Matthew 1:18]] is crucial, as it contrasts the state of being espoused with the physical consummation of the marriage, clarifying the timeline of Mary's pregnancy.
### Theological Significance
The theological weight of `{{G3423}}` is tied directly to the circumstances of Jesus's birth.
* **Legal and Lineage Status:** The espousal legally bound Mary to Joseph. This is significant as it places Jesus within the lineage of David through his legal father, Joseph [[Luke 1:27]]. Joseph's role as her husband is confirmed by his initial intention to "put her away privily" [[Matthew 1:19]].
* **Context for the Virgin Birth:** The use of `{{G3423}}` in conjunction with the phrase "before they came together" [[Matthew 1:18]] serves to underscore the miraculous nature of the virgin conception. It affirms that the pregnancy occurred by the Holy Ghost within the period of betrothal but before marital relations.
* **Defining Mary's Relationship:** Describing Mary as Joseph's "**espoused** wife" [[Luke 2:5]] solidifies her protected and recognized status as they travel to Bethlehem, fulfilling both civic duty and prophetic scripture.
### Summary
In summary, `{{G3423}}` is a precise term that is foundational to the nativity narrative. While used only three times, it is essential for establishing the legal and social context of Mary and Joseph's relationship. It provides the framework for understanding Jesus's Davidic lineage through Joseph and, most critically, highlights the miraculous timing of the virgin conception, which took place after the betrothal but before the marriage was consummated.
TRV