from μή and ποτέ; not ever; also if (or lest) ever (or perhaps):--if peradventure, lest (at any time, haply), not at all, whether or not.
Transliteration:mḗpote
Pronunciation:may pot'-eh
Detailed Word Study
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### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek word μήποτε (mḗpote), Strong's `{{G3379}}`, is a compound formed from the negative particle μή `{{G3361}}` and the indefinite temporal particle ποτε `{{G4218}}`. Literally, it signifies "not ever" or "lest ever." Its semantic range extends to convey a sense of apprehension, doubt, or the prevention of an undesirable outcome. It can function as a negative final conjunction, introducing a clause that expresses a feared or intended negative result ("lest," "in order that not"). It also serves as an interrogative particle, posing a question that anticipates a negative answer or expresses uncertainty ("whether perhaps," "lest perhaps"). Furthermore, it can introduce a conditional clause with a negative implication, suggesting a possibility that one hopes will not materialize ("if peradventure," "if perhaps... not"). The underlying nuance is always one of caution, concern, or a desire to avert a potential negative event.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
μήποτε appears frequently in the New Testament, often in contexts of warning, caution, or expressing a feared outcome.
1. **As a Negative Final Conjunction ("lest"):** This is a common usage, indicating the purpose of an action is to prevent something.
* In [[Matthew 4:6]], during the temptation of Jesus, Satan quotes Psalm 91:12: "He will command his angels concerning you, and on their hands they will bear you up, lest you strike your foot against a stone." Here, μήποτε expresses the intended outcome of divine protection – to prevent injury.
* [[Luke 12:58]] advises settling with an opponent quickly, "lest he drag you to the judge." The action of settling is for the purpose of avoiding a worse legal outcome.
* A significant theological warning is found in [[Romans 11:21]], where Paul cautions Gentile believers: "For if God did not spare the natural branches, neither will he spare you lest perhaps you also be cut off." This underscores the need for humility and continued faith to avoid spiritual judgment.
* Similarly, [[Hebrews 4:1]] urges diligence: "Therefore, while the promise of entering his rest still stands, let us fear lest any of you should seem to have failed to reach it." The fear is a motivation to ensure one does not fall short.
2. **As an Interrogative Particle ("whether perhaps," "lest perhaps"):** This usage often implies a question with an expected negative answer or expresses a concern.
* In [[Matthew 25:9]], the wise virgins refuse to share oil, saying, "No, lest there not be enough for us and for you." This expresses a practical concern and a perceived risk.
* [[Acts 27:29]], during the shipwreck, the sailors "fearing lest we should run aground on rocky places, they let down four anchors from the stern." Their fear directly leads to their precautionary action.
3. **As a Conditional Particle ("if peradventure," "if perhaps... not"):** This usage introduces a possibility, often with a hopeful but uncertain tone, or a condition one wishes to avoid.
* [[2 Timothy 2:25]] advises a servant of the Lord to correct opponents gently, "in the hope that God may perhaps grant them repentance leading to a knowledge of the truth." Here, μήποτε expresses a hopeful possibility that is contingent on God's grace.
* In [[Luke 3:15]], the people were questioning "whether he [John] might be the Christ." This reflects their speculation and uncertainty regarding John's identity.
### Related Words & Concepts
The meaning and function of μήποτε are illuminated by its relationship to other Greek words:
* **μή `{{G3361}}`**: The foundational negative particle, expressing subjective negation, prohibition, or doubt. μήποτε inherits its core negative force from μή.
* **ποτε `{{G4218}}`**: An indefinite temporal particle meaning "at some time," "ever," "once." Its presence in μήποτε adds the nuance of "at any time" or "ever," intensifying the caution or doubt.
* **οὐ `{{G3756}}`**: The objective negative particle, stating a factual negation ("not"). This contrasts with μή, which expresses a subjective or conditional negation, and thus also with μήποτε which carries that subjective/conditional quality.
* **ἵνα μή `{{G2443}}` + `{{G3361}}`**: This common construction also means "in order that not" or "lest." While often semantically interchangeable with μήποτε in final clauses, μήποτε frequently carries a stronger emphasis on apprehension or fear of a potential, undesired event.
* **μήπως `{{G3381}}`**: Another compound of μή and πως (how, somehow), meaning "lest somehow," "lest perhaps," or "whether perhaps." μήπως and μήποτε are very similar in function and often convey the same sense of apprehension or caution, though μήποτε might emphasize the temporal aspect ("ever") and μήπως the manner ("how"). Both underscore the need for vigilance.
### Theological Significance
The use of μήποτε in the New Testament carries profound theological implications:
1. **Human Responsibility and Divine Sovereignty:** μήποτε often appears in warnings that underscore human responsibility to persevere in faith and obedience, even within the framework of God's sovereign plan. Passages like [[Romans 11:21]] and [[Hebrews 4:1]] do not negate God's ultimate control but highlight the genuine danger of apostasy for those who do not remain in faith. It is a call to active, watchful participation in one's salvation.
2. **Prudence and Spiritual Vigilance:** The word frequently serves as an exhortation to prudence, caution, and foresight in the spiritual life. Believers are encouraged to consider the potential negative consequences of their actions or inactions and to live in a manner that prevents spiritual harm, failure, or falling away ([[Luke 12:58]], [[2 Timothy 2:25]]). It emphasizes the need for continuous self-examination and adherence to God's will.
3. **The Nature of Temptation and Spiritual Warfare:** In contexts of temptation, such as [[Matthew 4:6]], μήποτε reveals the subtle tactics of the adversary, who often appeals to human fears or desires to avoid perceived negative outcomes, thereby attempting to lead one astray from trust in God.
4. **Hope and Uncertainty in Evangelism:** In passages like [[2 Timothy 2:25]], μήποτε reflects the delicate balance between divine grace and human response in the process of repentance. It conveys a hopeful but not guaranteed outcome, emphasizing the need for gentle and persistent instruction, trusting that God *may* grant repentance.
### Summary
μήποτε (mḗpote), `{{G3379}}`, is a rich Greek word in the New Testament, formed from μή `{{G3361}}` and ποτε `{{G4218}}`. Its core meaning encompasses "lest ever," "lest perhaps," and "if peradventure," conveying a sense of apprehension, doubt, or the prevention of an undesired event. Biblically, it functions as a negative final conjunction ("lest"), an interrogative particle ("whether perhaps"), and a conditional particle ("if perchance"), appearing in contexts that range from warnings against spiritual complacency ([[Romans 11:21]], [[Hebrews 4:1]]) to practical admonitions for wise living ([[Luke 12:58]]) and the hopeful uncertainty in evangelism ([[2 Timothy 2:25]]). Theologically, μήποτε profoundly underscores the themes of human responsibility in light of divine sovereignty, the imperative for spiritual vigilance and prudence, the subtle nature of temptation, and the nuanced hope involved in the process of repentance. It consistently calls believers to a watchful and intentional walk of faith, ever mindful of potential spiritual dangers and the call to persevere.
TRV