### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek word **koniortós**, represented by `{{G2868}}`, is the term for **dust**. Derived from words meaning to "rouse," its base definition is "pulverulence (as blown about)," referring to fine, dry earth. It appears **5 times** across **5 unique verses** in the Bible, where it is used in specific, symbolic actions.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In scripture, `{{G2868}}` is most often associated with a gesture of rejection and dissociation. When Jesus sends out his disciples, he instructs them that if a town or house does not receive them or their words, they are to "shake off the **dust** of your feet" upon leaving [[Matthew 10:14]]. This act serves "for a testimony against them" [[Luke 9:5]], as demonstrated by the apostles in Acts [[Acts 13:51]]. A different use appears in Acts, where an enraged crowd throws **dust** into the air as an expression of extreme agitation and outcry [[Acts 22:23]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several action words are directly associated with the use of `{{G2868}}`:
* `{{G1621}}` **ektinássō** (to shake violently): This verb is used to describe the forceful act of shaking the **dust** from one's feet as a sign against those who reject the gospel message ([[Matthew 10:14]], [[Acts 13:51]]).
* `{{G660}}` **apotinássō** (to brush off): Used similarly to `{{G1621}}`, this word describes the disciples shaking off the **dust** from their feet as a testimony [[Luke 9:5]].
* `{{G4495}}` **rhiptéō** (to toss up): This verb is used in the scene where the crowd cast off their clothes, an action performed in tandem with throwing **dust** into the air [[Acts 22:23]].
* `{{G906}}` **bállō** (to throw): This is the specific verb used for the act of throwing **dust** into the air, highlighting the violent emotion of the crowd [[Acts 22:23]].
### Theological Significance
The symbolic weight of `{{G2868}}` is centered on its use in definitive human actions.
* **A Testimony of Rejection:** The primary use of **dust** is in the act of shaking it from the feet. This gesture symbolizes a complete break from an unreceptive place, serving as a solemn "testimony against them" [[Luke 9:5]]. It signifies that the messengers are clean of responsibility for the people's unbelief.
* **An Expression of Outrage:** In a different context, throwing **dust** into the air is an outward sign of intense communal anger and protest, as seen when the crowd reacts violently to Paul's testimony [[Acts 22:23]].
### Summary
In summary, `{{G2868}}` is more than just a word for physical dirt. It is a key element in powerful, non-verbal statements within the biblical narrative. Whether being shaken from the feet to signify judgment and severance or thrown into the air to express fury, **koniortós** consistently represents a strong and decisive emotional or spiritual declaration.
TRV