### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek word **katastréphō**, represented by `{{G2690}}`, means **to turn upside down** or to **overthrow**. It is a potent and descriptive term derived from the words κατά and στρέφω. Despite its strong meaning, it is used sparingly in scripture, appearing only **2 times** in **2 unique verses**.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
Both occurrences of `{{G2690}}` are found in the parallel accounts of Jesus cleansing the temple. In this powerful display of divine authority, Jesus entered the temple of God and began to drive out those engaged in commerce. The word is used specifically to describe how he **overthrew** the tables of the moneychangers and the seats of those selling doves, physically upending the corrupt practices taking place ([[Matthew 21:12]]; [[Mark 11:15]]). This action serves as a dramatic and literal fulfillment of the word's meaning.
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words provide context for the scene in which `{{G2690}}` appears:
* `{{G1525}}` **eisérchomai** (to enter): This word describes the initial action of Jesus as he **went into** the temple precincts before the overthrow took place [[Matthew 21:12]]. It is often used to signify entry into a physical place or a spiritual state, such as the kingdom of God [[John 3:5]].
* `{{G1544}}` **ekbállō** (to eject): Used in conjunction with `{{G2690}}`, this term describes how Jesus **cast out** the merchants from the temple ([[Matthew 21:12]]; [[Mark 11:15]]). It carries a sense of forceful expulsion and is also used for casting out devils [[Mark 16:17]] or sending forth laborers into the harvest [[Luke 10:2]].
### Theological Significance
The theological significance of `{{G2690}}` is concentrated in its singular context.
* **Divine Judgment on Corruption:** The act of overthrowing the tables is a physical manifestation of judgment against the defilement of a sacred space. It demonstrates a decisive and righteous response to the commercialization within the "temple of God" [[Matthew 21:12]].
* **Messianic Authority:** By using such a forceful action, Jesus asserts his authority over the temple and its activities. This overturning is not a mere display of anger but a deliberate act signifying his power to cleanse and restore proper worship.
* **Upsetting the Profane Order:** The literal turning upside down of tables symbolizes the spiritual upsetting of a system that prioritized profit over piety. It represents a direct confrontation with the established, yet corrupt, order.
### Summary
In summary, `{{G2690}}` is a rare but impactful word that captures a pivotal moment in Jesus's ministry. While its usage is limited to a single event, its meaning—to **overthrow** or turn upside down—is vividly illustrated in the cleansing of the temple. The word powerfully conveys the finality and authority with which Jesus confronted the desecration of His Father's house, making it a key term for understanding divine judgment and the purification of worship.
TRV