### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek word **ekdíkēsis**, represented by `{{G1557}}`, denotes **vindication** and **retribution**. Derived from ἐκδικέω `{{G1556}}`, it appears 10 times in 9 unique verses and is most commonly translated as **vengeance** or **punishment**. It signifies a righteous response to injustice, often executed by a higher authority.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In scripture, `{{G1557}}` is primarily associated with divine action. Believers are explicitly commanded not to seek personal **vengeance**, but to leave room for God's wrath, for it is written, "**Vengeance** is mine; I will repay" ([[Romans 12:19]]; [[Hebrews 10:30]]). This divine **retribution** is portrayed as God's answer to the cries of His elect [[Luke 18:7]] and will be executed speedily [[Luke 18:8]]. It also describes the "days of **vengeance**" that will fulfill all that is written [[Luke 21:22]]. On a human level, it refers to the **punishment** of evildoers by governing authorities [[1 Peter 2:14]] and, in one instance, a zealous **revenge** that is part of a godly sorrow for sin [[2 Corinthians 7:11]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words clarify the scope of **ekdíkēsis**:
* `{{G1556}}` **ekdikéō** (to vindicate, retaliate, punish): This is the verb form from which `{{G1557}}` is derived. It is used when calling on God to **avenge** the righteous [[Revelation 6:10]] and in the command not to **avenge** yourselves [[Romans 12:19]].
* `{{G3709}}` **orgḗ** (violent passion; by implication punishment): This word for **wrath** is what believers are told to make space for, allowing God's **vengeance** to act instead of their own [[Romans 12:19]].
* `{{G467}}` **antapodídōmi** (to requite (good or evil)): This term for repaying or recompensing is used by the Lord to promise that He Himself will execute justice, appearing alongside `{{G1557}}` in the declaration, "I will **recompense**" [[Hebrews 10:30]].
* `{{G2555}}` **kakopoiós** (a bad-doer; a criminal): This term identifies the target of righteous punishment. Governors are sent for the **punishment** `{{G1557}}` of **evildoers** [[1 Peter 2:14]].
### Theological Significance
The theological weight of `{{G1557}}` centers on the nature of divine justice.
* **Divine Prerogative:** The concept firmly establishes that **vengeance** is God's exclusive right. Humans are forbidden from taking personal revenge, underscoring God's sovereignty over justice [[Romans 12:19]].
* **Vindication for the Elect:** God's **retribution** is not merely punitive but also restorative. It is the means by which He vindicates His chosen people who cry out to Him for justice against their oppressors [[Luke 18:7]].
* **Judgment for Disobedience:** **Vengeance** is the ultimate consequence for those who do not know God and refuse to **obey** `{{G5219}}` the **gospel** `{{G2098}}`. This retribution is described as coming in "flaming fire" [[2 Thessalonians 1:8]].
* **Righteous Response to Sin:** In a unique context, `{{G1557}}` is listed as a positive outcome of godly sorrow. This **revenge** signifies a holy indignation and zealousness against sin itself, leading to a "clearing of yourselves" [[2 Corinthians 7:11]].
### Summary
In summary, `{{G1557}}` is a term with precise theological boundaries. It primarily refers to God's righteous **retribution** and the **vindication** of His people, a right He reserves for Himself. It is distinct from forbidden personal revenge and is also applied to the legitimate **punishment** of **evildoers** `{{G2555}}` by delegated authorities. From the promise of divine justice for the oppressed to the holy zeal it inspires in the repentant, **ekdíkēsis** serves as a cornerstone for understanding that ultimate justice and vengeance belong to the Lord.
TRV