from εἰ, δέ, and μή (sometimes with γέ added); but if not:--(or) else, if (not, otherwise), otherwise.
Transliteration:ei dè mḗ(ge)
Pronunciation:i deh may'-(gheh)
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### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek phrase G1490 εἰ δὲ μή(γε) is a compound expression formed from the conditional particle εἰ (if), the adversative conjunction δέ (but, and), the negative particle μή (not), and sometimes the emphatic particle γέ (indeed, at least). Its core meaning is "but if not" or "if otherwise." This phrase functions primarily as a strong negative conditional, introducing an alternative outcome or consequence that will inevitably follow if the preceding condition is not met.
Semantically, εἰ δὲ μή(γε) conveys:
1. **A stark alternative:** It presents a binary choice or situation, where the failure of one condition leads directly to a specified result.
2. **A warning or implication of consequence:** Often used to highlight the seriousness of compliance or non-compliance with a command, principle, or state.
3. **Logical necessity:** In some contexts, it underscores the logical coherence of a statement, implying that if one premise is true, its negation must lead to a specific conclusion.
The optional addition of γέ intensifies this sense of inevitability or emphasis on the alternative, implying "but if *indeed* not" or "but if *at least* not."
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
G1490 εἰ δὲ μή(γε) appears frequently in the New Testament, particularly in the Gospels and Pauline Epistles, serving to emphasize the consequences of a negative condition.
* In the Synoptic Gospels, it often appears in parables or teachings where a choice or action is presented with a clear consequence for its absence. For instance, in the parable of the new cloth on an old garment or new wine in old wineskins, Jesus states, "[[Mark 2:21]] No one sews a patch of unshrunk cloth on an old garment; otherwise (εἰ δὲ μή), the new patch pulls away from the old, and a worse tear results." Here, εἰ δὲ μή clearly indicates the inevitable negative outcome if the principle is violated. Similarly, in [[Luke 10:6]], concerning the "son of peace," Jesus instructs, "and if a son of peace is there, your peace will rest on him; but if not (εἰ δὲ μήγε), it will return to you." The γέ adds emphasis to the return of peace if no worthy recipient is found.
* John's Gospel uses it to underscore the vital necessity of abiding in Christ. In [[John 15:6]], Jesus declares, "If anyone does not abide in me, he is thrown away like a branch and withers; and people gather them, throw them into the fire, and burn them." The εἰ δὲ μή here highlights the dire spiritual consequence of not maintaining a living connection with Him.
* Pauline Epistles employ εἰ δὲ μή(γε) to articulate theological truths and practical admonitions. In [[Romans 11:6]], Paul argues for grace, stating, "But if it is by grace, it is no longer on the basis of works; otherwise (εἰ δὲ μήγε), grace would no longer be grace." This usage demonstrates the logical incompatibility of grace and works as a basis for salvation, with εἰ δὲ μήγε asserting the necessary conclusion. In [[1 Corinthians 14:11]], Paul uses it in the context of speaking in tongues without interpretation: "If then I do not know the meaning of what someone is saying, I will be a foreigner to the speaker and the speaker a foreigner to me." The εἰ δὲ μή emphasizes the futility and lack of edification if understanding is absent.
* The Book of Revelation uses εἰ δὲ μή in solemn warnings to the churches. To the church in Ephesus, the Lord warns, "Remember therefore from where you have fallen; repent, and do the works you did at first. If not (εἰ δὲ μή), I will come to you and remove your lampstand from its place, unless you repent" [[Revelation 2:5]]. This is a powerful call to repentance, with εἰ δὲ μή serving as a direct warning of divine judgment.
Across these occurrences, εἰ δὲ μή(γε) consistently functions to present a critical juncture, where the failure to meet a condition leads to an unavoidable and often undesirable outcome, whether natural, logical, or divinely ordained.
### Related Words & Concepts
The phrase G1490 εἰ δὲ μή(γε) is intrinsically linked to other Greek particles and concepts that express conditionality, negation, and consequence.
* **Conditional Particles:** The base word εἰ (`{{G1487}}`, "if") is the primary conditional particle, forming the foundation of this phrase. Other related conditional constructions include ἐὰν (`{{G1437}}`, "if, whenever"), which often introduces a more immediate or future condition.
* **Negative Particles:** μή (`{{G3361}}`, "not") is crucial to the phrase's meaning. It stands in contrast to οὐ (`{{G3756}}`, "not"), with μή generally indicating a subjective or hypothetical negation (as with non-indicative moods or conditions), while οὐ denotes an objective negation of fact.
* **Conjunctions:** δέ (`{{G1161}}`, "but, and") serves to introduce a transition or contrast, making the "otherwise" or "but if not" sense explicit. Other adversative conjunctions like ἀλλά (`{{G235}}`, "but, rather") might convey similar contrast but not the specific conditional negation of εἰ δὲ μή(γε).
* **Concepts of Consequence:** The phrase inherently conveys the idea of *consequence* or *alternative outcome*. This relates to broader biblical themes of cause and effect, divine judgment, blessing for obedience, and the natural results of choices. It implicitly touches upon the concept of *necessity* – that certain outcomes are necessary if certain conditions are not met.
* **Warnings and Exhortations:** In its use to convey warnings, εἰ δὲ μή(γε) aligns with prophetic and apostolic calls to repentance and faithfulness, often found alongside imperatives and strong admonitions.
### Theological Significance
The theological significance of G1490 εἰ δὲ μή(γε) lies in its role in articulating divine expectations, warnings, and the immutable principles of God's kingdom.
1. **Divine Imperatives and Consequences:** The phrase frequently underscores the seriousness of God's commands and the inevitable consequences of disobedience. It highlights that God's covenant relationship is not without conditions, and failure to meet these conditions carries significant spiritual ramifications, as seen in the warnings to the churches in Revelation (e.g., [[Revelation 2:5]]). This points to God's justice and holiness, where sin and unfaithfulness do not go unaddressed.
2. **Necessity of Faith and Abiding:** In contexts like [[John 15:6]], εἰ δὲ μή emphasizes the absolute necessity of a living, continuous relationship with Christ for spiritual vitality and fruitfulness. It reveals that spiritual life is not merely a one-time decision but an ongoing state of dependence, without which separation and spiritual death are the unavoidable outcomes. This stresses the importance of perseverance and faithfulness in the Christian walk.
3. **Logical Coherence of God's Truth:** In passages like [[Romans 11:6]], the phrase helps to establish the logical consistency of theological doctrines. It demonstrates that certain truths are mutually exclusive (e.g., grace and works as a basis for salvation), and denying one necessarily affirms the other, with profound implications for understanding God's plan of redemption. It highlights the non-contradictory nature of divine revelation.
4. **Human Responsibility and Choice:** By presenting clear alternatives and consequences, εἰ δὲ μή(γε) implicitly affirms human responsibility. Individuals are presented with choices, and the phrase clarifies what will happen "if not" they choose the path of obedience or faith. This reinforces the biblical concept that humans are moral agents accountable for their decisions.
In essence, εἰ δὲ μή(γε) serves as a powerful linguistic tool to convey the conditional nature of many divine promises and warnings, emphasizing the gravity of human response to God's will and the certainty of outcomes tied to that response.
### Summary
G1490 εἰ δὲ μή(γε) is a crucial Greek phrase meaning "but if not" or "otherwise," formed from εἰ (if), δέ (but), μή (not), and optionally γέ (indeed). It functions as a strong negative conditional, invariably introducing the consequence that follows if a preceding condition is not met. Its biblical occurrences across the Gospels, Epistles, and Revelation consistently highlight inevitable outcomes, whether natural, logical, or divine, when a particular action or state is absent. The phrase is deeply intertwined with concepts of conditionality, negation, and consequence, and it relates to other particles like εἰ `{{G1487}}` and μή `{{G3361}}`. Theologically, εἰ δὲ μή(γε) underscores the seriousness of divine commands and warnings, the absolute necessity of abiding in Christ, the logical coherence of God's truth, and the profound implications of human choice and responsibility in light of God's just and holy character. It serves as a stark reminder that spiritual realities often operate on clear principles of cause and effect, with certain negative outcomes being unavoidable if God's will is not embraced.
TRV