### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek word **doúlē**, represented by `{{G1399}}`, is the feminine form of δοῦλος and is defined as **a female slave (involuntarily or voluntarily):--handmaid(-en)**. It is a specific term that appears **3 times** across **3 unique verses** in the Bible, primarily used to express a woman's relationship of service and submission to God.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In the biblical narrative, `{{G1399}}` is used in a deeply personal and theological context. Mary, upon learning she will bear the Messiah, identifies herself as "the **handmaid** of the Lord" [[Luke 1:38]], signifying her willing acceptance of God's plan. She later reiterates this status in her song of praise, noting that God "hath regarded the low estate of his **handmaiden**" [[Luke 1:48]]. The term also appears in the prophecy quoted by Peter in Acts, where God promises to pour out His Spirit on both "servants and on my **handmaidens**," who will then prophesy [[Acts 2:18]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words provide a broader context for the concept of servitude and lordship:
* `{{G1401}}` **doûlos**: Defined as **a slave (literal or figurative, involuntary or voluntary; frequently, therefore in a qualified sense of subjection or subserviency):--bond(-man), servant.** As the direct male counterpart, it is used to describe the identity Christ took on [[Philippians 2:7]] and the position of believers in relation to God [[Galatians 1:10]].
* `{{G2962}}` **kýrios**: This word means **supreme in authority, i.e. (as noun) controller; by implication, Master (as a respectful title):-- God, Lord, master, Sir.** This is the title of the one to whom the **handmaid** belongs, as seen in Mary's declaration, "the handmaid of the **Lord**" [[Luke 1:38]].
### Theological Significance
The theological weight of `{{G1399}}` is significant, highlighting key aspects of a believer's relationship with God.
* **Humility and Submission:** Mary's use of **handmaid** is a powerful expression of her humble submission to the divine will. It is not a title of degradation but one of chosen identity in service to the Lord [[Luke 1:38]].
* **God's Favor on the Lowly:** The term is explicitly linked to having a "low estate," which God chooses to regard and elevate. This reinforces the theme that God blesses the humble [[Luke 1:48]].
* **Spiritual Empowerment:** The inclusion of **handmaidens** in the prophecy of the Spirit's outpouring demonstrates that God's gifts and calling are available to all, regardless of social standing or gender, empowering them to prophesy [[Acts 2:18]].
### Summary
In summary, `{{G1399}}` is more than just a label for a female servant. It is a term rich with theological meaning, representing a posture of profound faith, humility, and willing subservience to God. Its use by Mary establishes a powerful example of discipleship, while its inclusion in prophecy extends the promise of spiritual empowerment to all who would consider themselves servants and handmaidens of the Lord.
TRV