### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek verb δοκιμάζω (dokimázō, `{{G1381}}`) fundamentally denotes the act of testing or proving something, not merely to discover its nature, but with the specific aim of determining its genuineness, quality, or fitness for a particular purpose. Unlike πειράζω (peirazō, `{{G3985}}`), which can carry the negative connotation of tempting to evil or testing with a view to finding fault, δοκιμάζω generally implies a test that is constructive, designed to reveal the true character or worth of the object being tested, often with the expectation of a positive outcome. This testing process leads, by implication, to approval or affirmation if the object proves itself genuine and worthy. Thus, its semantic range extends from "to test," "to examine," and "to prove" to "to approve" or "to discern as good." The underlying concept is that of assaying a metal to determine its purity, where the test confirms its value.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The verb δοκιμάζω appears frequently in the New Testament, illustrating various facets of its core meaning:
* **Discerning God's Will and Goodness:** In [[Romans 12:2]], believers are exhorted to "prove" (δοκιμάζειν) what is the good and acceptable and perfect will of God. Here, the testing is an active, discerning process by which believers, transformed by the renewing of their minds, are able to ascertain and affirm God's righteous and beneficial intentions. Similarly, [[Philippians 1:10]] speaks of believers "approving" (δοκιμάζειν) what is excellent, urging a critical discernment of moral and spiritual priorities.
* **Self-Examination:** Paul uses δοκιμάζω to call believers to self-assessment. In [[1 Corinthians 11:28]], he instructs, "But let a person examine (δοκιμαζέτω) himself, and so eat of the bread and drink of the cup," emphasizing the need for introspection concerning one's spiritual state before participating in the Lord's Supper. Likewise, [[2 Corinthians 13:5]] challenges the Corinthian church: "Examine (δοκιμάζετε) yourselves, to see whether you are in the faith. Test (δοκιμάζετε) yourselves." This is a call to rigorous, honest self-scrutiny to confirm the authenticity of their faith.
* **Testing of Faith and Character:** The testing of faith is a prominent theme. [[1 Peter 1:7]] states that the "tested genuineness of your faith" (τὸ δοκίμιον ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως, using the related noun δοκίμιον) is more precious than gold and results in praise, glory, and honor at the revelation of Jesus Christ. This highlights that trials serve to prove the authenticity and enduring quality of faith.
* **Testing of Spirits and Teachings:** In [[1 John 4:1]], believers are commanded, "Beloved, do not believe every spirit, but test (δοκιμάζετε) the spirits to see whether they are from God." This underscores the need for discernment in evaluating spiritual claims and teachings, ensuring they align with divine truth.
* **Preparation for Service:** The suitability of individuals for ministry is also subject to δοκιμάζω. [[1 Timothy 3:10]] instructs that deacons "must first be tested (δοκιμαζέσθωσαν); then let them serve if they prove themselves blameless," indicating a period of evaluation to confirm their character and qualifications for leadership.
### Related Words & Concepts
The semantic field of δοκιμάζω is richly illuminated by its cognates and contrasting terms:
* **δόκιμος (dokimos, `{{G1384}}`):** This adjective, from which δοκιμάζω is derived, means "approved," "tested," "genuine," or "acceptable." It represents the positive outcome of the testing process. For example, a "δοκιμος" worker is one who has been tested and found trustworthy ([[2 Timothy 2:15]]).
* **ἀδόκιμος (adokimos, `{{G96}}`):** As the antonym, this adjective means "disapproved," "rejected," "unapproved," or "worthless" after testing. It signifies failure to pass the test, resulting in disqualification or rejection ([[1 Corinthians 9:27]], [[2 Timothy 3:8]]).
* **δοκίμιον (dokimion, `{{G1383}}`):** A noun meaning "testing" or "proof," often referring to the process or means by which something is tested, such as the "testing of your faith" in [[James 1:3]] and [[1 Peter 1:7]].
* **πειράζω (peirazō, `{{G3985}}`):** While both δοκιμάζω and πειράζω can be translated "to test," their nuances differ. Πειράζω often carries the sense of "to tempt" to sin or to test with malicious intent ([[Matthew 4:1]], [[James 1:13]]), though it can also refer to a neutral trial. Δοκιμάζω, in contrast, consistently implies a test for the purpose of proving genuineness or fitness, often with a view to approval or refinement. God δοκιμάζει but does not πειράζει in the sense of tempting to evil.
* **Refining and Purification:** The concept is often likened to the refining of precious metals by fire, where impurities are removed, and the true value is revealed ([[1 Peter 1:7]]).
### Theological Significance
The theological significance of δοκιμάζω is profound, touching upon God's character, human responsibility, and the nature of spiritual growth:
* **God's Purposeful Testing:** When God tests His people, it is never arbitrary or punitive, but always purposeful and redemptive. His testing is an act of divine love and wisdom, designed to refine faith, reveal true character, strengthen resolve, and prepare individuals for His service. It is a process that leads to greater conformity to Christ and deeper intimacy with God.
* **Human Accountability and Growth:** Believers are called to actively engage in the process of δοκιμάζω, both by submitting to God's tests and by diligently examining themselves. This self-examination is crucial for spiritual integrity and maturity, ensuring that one's faith is not merely superficial but deeply rooted and genuine. The willingness to be tested and to discern God's will demonstrates a humble and obedient heart.
* **Assurance of Genuineness:** The successful outcome of δοκιμάζω is the assurance of genuineness and divine approval. This provides comfort and confidence to the believer, knowing that their faith has been proven true and acceptable in God's sight. It underscores the biblical emphasis on an authentic, living faith that endures through trials.
* **Discernment in the Church:** The command to test spirits and teachings highlights the ongoing need for discernment within the Christian community. This protects against error and deception, ensuring that the church remains grounded in truth and faithful to God's revelation.
### Summary
The Greek verb δοκιμάζω (dokimázō, `{{G1381}}`) encapsulates the crucial biblical concept of testing or proving, with the inherent purpose of discerning genuineness and ultimately leading to approval. It describes a constructive process, distinct from temptation, by which the true nature, quality, or fitness of something or someone is revealed. Throughout the New Testament, δοκιμάζω illuminates the believer's call to discern God's will, to engage in rigorous self-examination, and to endure trials that refine faith. The theological import is immense, portraying God's loving and purposeful involvement in the lives of His people, where testing serves as a divine means of purification, growth, and the confirmation of authentic faith, leading to ultimate commendation and glory.
TRV