### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek noun δαπάνη (dapánē, `{{G1160}}`) is derived from the verbal root δάπτω (daptō), which means "to devour," "to consume," or "to eat up." This etymological connection is crucial, as it imbues δαπάνη with the core sense of expenditure that involves a consumption or depletion of resources. Fundamentally, δαπάνη refers to "expense," "cost," or "outlay"—specifically, money or resources that are "devoured" or "consumed" in the process of achieving a particular goal or undertaking. Its semantic range thus encompasses any financial or material drain incurred for a purpose, emphasizing the act of laying out or spending.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The term δαπάνη (dapánē, `{{G1160}}`) appears only twice in the New Testament, both instances occurring in the Gospel of Luke, within a single passage:
* **[[Luke 14:28]]**: "For which of you, desiring to build a tower, does not first sit down and calculate the cost (δαπάνη), whether he has enough to complete it?" Here, δαπάνη unequivocally refers to the financial *cost* or *expense* associated with a construction project. The context is a parable told by Jesus, emphasizing the importance of foresight and prudent planning before embarking on a significant undertaking. The builder must assess his resources against the projected expenditure to ensure completion.
* **[[Luke 14:29]]**: "Otherwise, when he has laid a foundation and is not able to finish, all who see it will begin to ridicule him." This verse continues the thought from [[Luke 14:28]], reinforcing the necessity of accurately calculating the δαπάνη. Failure to account for the full cost leads to an inability to finish, resulting in shame and ridicule.
In both instances, δαπάνη is used in a literal sense related to financial expenditure but serves as a powerful metaphor for the demands of discipleship. Jesus uses this common, tangible example to illustrate a deeper spiritual truth about the commitment required to follow Him.
### Related Words & Concepts
Several Greek words share a semantic field with δαπάνη (dapánē, `{{G1160}}`), particularly those related to spending and consumption:
* δάπτω (daptō): The root verb from which δαπάνη is derived, meaning "to devour" or "to consume." This highlights the "consuming" nature of expenditure.
* δαπανάω (dapanáō, `{{G1159}}`): The verb form of δαπάνη, meaning "to spend," "to expend," or "to consume." This verb is used in contexts such as the woman with the hemorrhage who "had spent all that she had" ([[Mark 5:26]]) or the prodigal son who "had spent everything" ([[Luke 15:14]]). This close lexical relationship underscores the active process of expending resources.
* ἀναλίσκω (analískō, `{{G355}}`): To consume, spend, or destroy. While broader in meaning, it shares the concept of using something up entirely.
* πολύτιμος (polýtimos, `{{G4185}}`): Costly, very precious. This term focuses on the value of what is spent or sacrificed.
In the Old Testament, while no direct lexical equivalent to δαπάνη exists, the concept of "cost" or "expense" is evident in various contexts, particularly in large-scale building projects (e.g., the Tabernacle or Temple, [[Exodus 36]], [[1 Chronicles 22]]) and sacrificial offerings, where specific materials and financial outlays were required. The idea of counting the cost is a universal principle of wisdom, though expressed through different linguistic means.
### Theological Significance
The theological significance of δαπάνη (dapánē, `{{G1160}}`) is profound, primarily stemming from its metaphorical application in [[Luke 14:28-29]] to the "cost of discipleship." Jesus employs a relatable, everyday scenario (building a tower) to convey a critical spiritual truth: following Him is not a decision to be made lightly or without careful consideration.
The "cost" of discipleship, as illustrated by δαπάνη, is not primarily financial, but rather encompasses the full commitment of one's life, priorities, and allegiances. This includes:
* Renouncing self-interest and personal ambition ([[Luke 9:23]]).
* Bearing one's cross, signifying a willingness to suffer and endure hardship for Christ's sake ([[Luke 9:23]]).
* Prioritizing Christ above all earthly relationships and possessions, even family and one's own life ([[Luke 14:26-27]], [[Luke 14:33]]).
The warning embedded in the parable—that failure to count the cost leads to an inability to finish and subsequent ridicule—underscores the seriousness and intentionality required for genuine discipleship. A superficial or ill-considered commitment to Christ will ultimately prove inadequate, leading to spiritual failure and shame. The δαπάνη of discipleship is indeed high, demanding everything, but it is presented as a necessary and worthy assessment for those who would truly follow the Lord.
### Summary
The Greek word δαπάνη (dapánē, `{{G1160}}`), rooted in the idea of "devouring" or "consuming," literally denotes "expense" or "cost." Its limited but impactful use in the New Testament, exclusively in [[Luke 14:28-29]], reveals its profound theological significance. In the parable of the tower builder, Jesus employs δαπάνη to underscore the necessity of "counting the cost" before embarking on a significant endeavor. This principle is then applied metaphorically to the call to discipleship, serving as a solemn warning that following Christ demands a complete and deliberate assessment of one's commitment. The "cost" of discipleship, as highlighted by δαπάνη, encompasses radical self-denial, cross-bearing, and the prioritization of Christ above all else. Failure to adequately consider this δαπάνη results in an inability to persevere, leading to spiritual failure and disgrace. Thus, δαπάνη functions as a critical reminder of the all-encompassing nature and intentionality required for authentic, enduring commitment to Jesus Christ.
TRV