### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek word βότρυς (bótrys, `{{G1009}}`) refers specifically to a "bunch" or "cluster of grapes." Its etymological derivation is noted as uncertain, meaning its origin is not clearly traceable to a more primitive root word. Despite this, its semantic range is narrow and precise: it always denotes the fruit of the vine, gathered together in its natural cluster, as opposed to individual grapes or other types of fruit. The term evokes the image of a ready harvest, a collective unit of grapes awaiting processing.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The term βότρυς (bótrys, `{{G1009}}`) appears exclusively twice in the New Testament, both instances occurring within the apocalyptic visions of the book of Revelation:
* [[Revelation 14:18]]: "And another angel came out from the altar, who had power over fire; and he cried with a loud voice to him who had the sharp sickle, saying, 'Put in your sharp sickle and gather the clusters of the vine of the earth, for her grapes are ripe.'"
* [[Revelation 14:19]]: "So the angel thrust his sickle into the earth and gathered the vine of the earth, and threw it into the great winepress of the wrath of God."
In this highly symbolic context, βότρυς is not merely a literal bunch of grapes but serves as a potent metaphor for humanity, specifically those who are ripe for divine judgment. The "vine of the earth" from which these clusters are gathered represents the world system in rebellion against God, characterized by its accumulated wickedness. The "ripeness" of the grapes signifies that the full measure of sin has been reached, making them ready for the crushing judgment of God. This imagery is part of a broader eschatological harvest, distinct from the gathering of the righteous (often depicted as grain). The focus on the "cluster" emphasizes the collective nature of this judgment, encompassing all who are part of the "vine of the earth."
### Related Words & Concepts
To fully appreciate βότρυς (bótrys, `{{G1009}}`), it is helpful to consider its relationship to other biblical concepts and terms:
* **Vine (ἄμπελος, `{{G288}}`):** The source of the cluster. In the Old Testament, Israel is frequently depicted as God's vine (e.g., [[Isaiah 5:7]], [[Psalm 80:8-16]]). In the New Testament, Jesus identifies Himself as the "true vine" (`{{G288}}`) in [[John 15:1-8]], with believers as the branches. The "vine of the earth" in Revelation 14 stands in stark contrast to this, representing an unholy, worldly system.
* **Winepress (ληνός, `{{G3970}}`):** The instrument of judgment into which the clusters are cast. The imagery of treading the winepress is a powerful biblical metaphor for divine wrath and judgment (e.g., [[Isaiah 63:3]], [[Joel 3:13]]). The "great winepress of the wrath of God" in Revelation signifies the full and devastating outpouring of God's righteous indignation.
* **Harvest (θερισμός, `{{G2326}}`):** The broader eschatological event of which the gathering of the clusters is a part. The harvest often symbolizes the end of the age and the separation of the righteous from the wicked (e.g., [[Matthew 13:30]], [[Matthew 13:39]]).
* **Fruit (καρπός, `{{G2590}}`):** While βότρυς is a specific type of fruit cluster, the general concept of "fruit" in Scripture often represents the outcome or product of one's life, actions, or nature (e.g., "fruit of the Spirit" in [[Galatians 5:22-23]] vs. "fruit of the flesh"). The "clusters of the vine of the earth" represent the ripened fruit of human rebellion and unrighteousness.
### Theological Significance
The theological significance of βότρυς (bótrys, `{{G1009}}`) is primarily rooted in its symbolic use within Revelation 14, where it functions as a powerful emblem of divine judgment.
1. **Symbol of Consummate Wickedness:** The "clusters of the vine of the earth" represent the full measure of human sin and rebellion against God, having reached a point of ripeness that necessitates decisive divine intervention. It signifies that the time for repentance has passed, and the fruit of ungodliness is ready for destruction.
2. **Divine Sovereignty in Judgment:** The gathering of these clusters by an angel, under divine command, underscores God's absolute sovereignty over human history and His ultimate control over the final destiny of all humanity. The judgment is not arbitrary but a just and appointed act.
3. **The Nature of God's Wrath:** The casting of the clusters into the "great winepress of the wrath of God" vividly portrays the severity and totality of God's righteous indignation against sin. It is a necessary aspect of His holiness and justice, bringing an end to all that opposes His kingdom.
4. **Eschatological Fulfillment:** βότρυς points to the eschatological climax of history, where the separation between the righteous and the unrighteous is complete, and God's justice is fully executed. It serves as a stark warning to those who align themselves with the "vine of the earth" rather than the "true vine."
### Summary
βότρυς (bótrys, `{{G1009}}`) literally denotes a "bunch" or "cluster of grapes." Its two exclusive New Testament occurrences in [[Revelation 14:18]] and [[Revelation 14:19]] imbue it with profound theological significance. In this apocalyptic context, the "clusters of the vine of the earth" serve as a powerful metaphor for humanity's accumulated sin, having reached a state of ripeness that calls forth God's righteous judgment. Cast into the "great winepress of the wrath of God," these clusters symbolize the collective unrighteousness that will be decisively crushed at the end of the age. Thus, βότρυς, though rare, functions as a potent symbol of divine sovereignty, the consummation of wickedness, and the severity of God's eschatological judgment.
TRV