Haggai 2:20
Bible text: King James Version (1769 Blayney text) · Public domain
Bible text: Berean Standard Bible · Public domain
Bible text: American Standard Version (1901) · Public domain
Bible text: World English Bible, Messianic edition · Public domain
Bible text: Geneva Bible (1599) · Public domain
Bible text: Young's Literal Translation · Public domain
- וַיְהִיvay·Hiand it cameH1961Conj-w ¦ V-Qal-ConsecImperf-3msVerb Qal Consecutive Imperfect 3rd Singular Masculineוַandיְהִיit came
- דְבַרde·var[the] word ofH1697N-mscNoun Singular Masculine Construct
- יְהוָהYah·wehYahwehH3068N-properNoun Proper Title
- שֵׁנִיתshe·Nita second [time]H8145Adj-fsAdjective Numerical Position Singular Feminine Absolute
- אֶל'eltoH413PrepPreposition
- חַגַּיcha·GaiHaggaiH2292N-proper-mNoun Proper Masculine
- בְּעֶשְׂרִיםbe·'es·Rimon [day] twentyH6242Prep-b ¦ Adj-mpAdjective Numerical Plural Masculine Absoluteבְּonעֶשְׂרִים[day] twenty
- וְאַרְבָּעָהve·'ar·ba·'Ahand fourH702Conj-w ¦ Adj-csAdjective Numerical Singular common gender Absoluteוְandאַרְבָּעָהfour
- לַחֹדֶשׁla·Cho·deshof the monthH2320Prep-l ¦ N-msNoun Singular Masculine Absoluteלַof theחֹדֶשׁmonth
- לֵאמֹרle·Mor[to] sayingH559Prep-l ¦ V-Qal-InfVerb Qal Infinitive Constructלֵ[to]אמֹרsaying
English is a literal word-by-word gloss of the Hebrew, not the KJV's wording. Why?
This is the original text the KJV's translators worked from — each Hebrew word with its own literal English meaning in this verse, prepared by scholars at Tyndale House, Cambridge. The KJV translates whole sentences, not word by word, so its wording differs: one Hebrew word can become several English words, and the KJV may choose “the LORD” where the gloss reads “Yahweh”. Both are faithful — they answer different questions. For the KJV's own rendering, switch to the KJV text.
Words in [ ] are added by the English.
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Public-domain commentary
Matthew Henry
From his Commentary on the Whole Bible. Henry wrote on whole passages, and this entry covers Haggai 2:20–23. He set out his notes in a three-level outline, kept here as he numbered it.
After Haggai's sermon ad populum - to the people, here follows one, the same day, ad magistratum - to the magistrates, a word directed particularly to Zerubbabel, the governor of Judah, who was a leading active man in this good work which the people now set about, and therefore he shall have some particular marks put upon him (Haggai 2:21): Speak to Zerubbabel, governor of Judah, speak to him by himself. He has thoughts in his head far above those of the common people, as wise princes are wont to have, who move in a higher and larger sphere than others. The people of the land are in care about their corn-fields and vineyards; God has assured them that they shall prosper, and we hope that will make them easy; but Zerubbabel is concerned about the community and its interests, about the neighbouring nations, and the revolutions of their governments, and what will become of the few and feeble Jews in those changes and convulsions, and how such a poor prince as he is should be able to keep his ground and serve his country. "Go to him," says God, "and tell him it shall be well with him and his remnant, and let that make him easy."
I.Let him expect to hear of great commotions in the nations of the earth, and let them not be a surprise to him; behold, he is told of them before (Haggai 2:21, Haggai 2:22): I will shake the heavens and the earth. This he had said before (Haggai 2:6, Haggai 2:7), and now says it again to Zerubbabel; let him expect shaking times, universal concussions. The world is like the sea, like the wheel, always in motion, but sometimes in a special manner turbulent. But, Blessed be God, if the earth be shaken, it is to shake the wicked out of it, Job 38:13. In the apocalyptic visions earthquakes bode no ill to the church. Here the heavens and the earth are shaken, that proud oppressors may be broken and brought down: I will overthrow the throne of kingdoms. The Chaldean monarchy, which had been the throne of kingdoms a great while, was already overthrown; and the powers that are, and are yet to come, shall in like manner be overthrown; their day will come to fall.
1.Though they be ever so powerful, yet the strength of their kingdoms shall be destroyed. They trust in chariots and horses (Psalm 20:7), but their chariots shall be overthrown, and those that ride in them, so that they shall not be able to attack the people of God, whom they persecute, not to escape the judgments of God, which persecute them.
2.Though there appear none likely to be the instruments of their destruction, yet God will bring it about, for they shall be brought down every one by the sword of his brother. This reads the doom of all the enemies of God's church, that will not repent to give him glory; it seems likewise designed as a promise of Christ's victory over the powers of darkness, his overthrow of Satan's throne, that throne of kingdoms, the throne of the god of this world, the taking from him all the armour wherein he trusted and dividing the spoil. And all opposing rule, principality, and power, shall be put down, that the kingdom may be delivered up to God, even the Father.
II.Let him depend upon it that he shall be safe under the divine protection in the midst of all these commotions, Haggai 2:23.
Zerubbabel was active to build God a house, and therefore God makes the same promise to him as he did to David on the like occasion - that he would build him a house, and establish it, even in that day when heaven and earth are shaken. This promise refers to this good man himself and to his family. He honoured God, and God would honour him. His successors likewise in the government of Judah might take encouragement from it; though their authority was very precarious as to men, yet God would confirm it, and this would contribute to the stability of the people over whom God had set them. But this promise has special reference to Christ, who lineally descended from Zerubbabel, and is the sole builder of the gospel-temple.
1.Zerubbabel is here owned as God's servant, and it is an honourable mention that is hereby made of him, as Moses and David my servants. When God destroys his enemies he will prefer his servants. Our Lord Jesus is his Father's servant in the work of redemption, but faithful as a Son, Isaiah 42:1.
2.He is owned as God's elect: I have chosen thee to this office; and whom God makes choice of he will make use of. Our Lord Jesus is chosen of God, 1 Peter 2:4. And he is the head of the chosen remnant; in him they are chosen.
3.It is promised that, being chosen, God will make him as a signet. Jeconiah had been as the signet on God's right hand, but was plucked thence (Jeremiah 22:24); and now Zerubbabel is substituted in the room of him. He shall be near and dear to God, precious in his sight, and honourable, and his family shall continue till the Messiah spring out of it, who is the signet on God's right hand. This intimates,
(1.)The delight the Father has in him. In him he once and again declared himself to be well pleased. He is set as a seal upon his heart, a seal upon his arm, is brought near unto him (Daniel 7:13), is hidden in the shadow of his hand, Isaiah 49:2.
(2.)The dominion the Father has entrusted him with. Princes sign their edicts, grants, and commissions, with their signet-rings, Esther 3:10. Our Lord Jesus is the signet on God's right hand, for all power is given to him and derived from him. By him the great charter of the gospel is signed and ratified, and it is in him that all the promises of God are yea and amen.
Historical interpretation
Historical reception
2 surviving comments on this verse. Each one is dated, so this reads as a timeline rather than a list.
Select a marker to jump to its quote. Markers stagger vertically where authors wrote within a few decades of each other.
(Verse 19, 20.) Set your hearts from this day forward, from the twenty-fourth day of the ninth month, from the day on which the foundation of the Lord's temple was laid, set it on your hearts. Is the seed still in the barn? And yet the fig tree, the vine, the pomegranate, and the olive tree have not yielded fruit. From this day on I will bless you. LXX: Set your hearts from this day forward, from the twenty-fourth day of the ninth month, from the day on which the foundation of the Lord's temple was laid, set it in your hearts: If more shall be known upon the earth, and if yet the vine, the fig tree, the pomegranate, and the olive trees do not bear fruit? So I will bless you from this day. I have told you what you have endured before you began to build my temple: now I will explain what prosperous things will come to you, because you have begun to build my temple. Therefore, on the twenty-fourth day of the ninth month, when the foundations of the temple were laid, consider the abundance of things that will come. The ninth month is what we call November or December. For the Hebrews, Nisan is the first month, which is called the month of new things: at the time when they celebrate Passover, that is, at the beginning of spring, which often falls in March and sometimes begins in April. Therefore, if we understand Nisan to mean April, the ninth month according to the Hebrews will be December. Therefore, the tenth month (also known as December) is the time when seeds lie hidden in the earth and their future fertility cannot be predicted. Is the seed already in the bud, as is better expressed in Hebrew as 'in the pod', to signify the husk of grain? Have the vine, fig tree, pomegranate, and olive tree given forth their blossoms? So it is not to be understood from the flowers and fruits. Indeed not; for in the month of December, as we have said, there are no signs of future crops. Therefore, do not say that I deduce this by prudent reasoning and speculate about the future fertility of trees, herbs, and crops from the flowers; behold, there are no signs; and yet I tell you that because you have started building my temple, for the blessing of all crops' fertility. This is what we have said according to the Hebrew. Moreover, according to the Septuagint, there is a very different meaning, which we must first explain literally, so that later the order of tropology can be discussed. Set your hearts from this day on, from the day on which the temple was founded, to the future, and you will see that there will be such great harvests in the future, and that so much grain will be carried from all the fields, that the threshing floor will not know its own produce, or that there are not individual threshing floors, but that one threshing floor is joined to another due to the multitude, and the separation of threshing floors is not known on the earth. Moreover, both the vine and the fig tree, and the pomegranate tree, and the olive tree, which previously did not bear fruit due to your vices, because you had not yet begun to build the temple, they will be bent down with such an abundance of grapes and fruits, that the evident fertility may indicate a manifest blessing. However, the ninth month is not to be taken in a good way, and the fourth book of the Kingdoms, and the story of Jeremiah, in which Jerusalem is said to be besieged (2 Kings 25, and Jer. 30 and 32). However, since the foundations of the temple are laid at the end of the ninth month, we can understand that the building of the Lord's temple is not begun unless evil works are finished. Therefore, on the twenty-fourth day of the same month, the foundation of the temple is laid, in which there are twelve dodekas and three octads, and four hexads, as discussed more fully above. Therefore, anyone who dedicates themselves to the worship of God and despises the negligent patron (who, in the book of Ezra according to the Septuagint interpreters, prohibits the building of God's temple), does not know the measure of their crops and wages. Certainly, because of what is said: 'If anyone still sows in the spirit and reaps eternal life from the spirit' (Galatians VI), he will by no means treasure on earth, but all his works and the rewards of his works will be gathered in heaven. And the vineyard, that is, the word of God, of which the Father is the farmer in each one; and the fig tree, the sweetest gifts of the Holy Spirit; and the pomegranate, the teachings of the Church and the knowledge of the Scriptures, which are compared to the cheeks of the bride in the Song of Songs (Canticles VIII); and the olive trees will give refreshment and enlightenment to the heart of the one who begins to build the temple of God. But as for the vineyard, fig tree, and olive tree (I will delay discussing the pomegranate for now), they are related to the person of the Savior, and of God the Father, and of the Holy Spirit, as is more fully explained in the book of Judges (Chapter 9). There, the unfruitful trees go to appoint a king over themselves, and in order, they say to the vine, fig tree, and olive tree, that they should reign over them. But both the vine, fig tree, and olive tree refuse such a rule, and do not deem it worthy to reign over unfruitful trees. Then they come to the tree of their barrenness, that is, the thorny tree of brambles, and the bush woven with prickles and hooks, which holds onto whatever it touches and wounds what it holds on to, and delights in the blood of the wounded: moreover, it emits fire from itself and consumes the ruled trees. But we refer the bramble to the devil, and according to the nature of the branch, we shall interpret its nature. Furthermore, there will be a vineyard, a fig tree, and an olive tree, where the pomegranate tree will be, which tree, on account of the excessive multitude of its seeds, and a certain geometric composition of interwoven membranes, and indeed diverse dwellings, yet all enclosed in one bark, is always set forth in the Scriptures as a representation of the Church.
I was inflicting various forms of correction on you—sterility, wind, blight, hail—but in your insensitivity you were unaware of the correction. Be mindful of this, then, and take note of the great prosperity you will enjoy after the commencement of the rebuilding, such being the abundance of necessities I shall provide you, with the result that in the future even the actual measures will have no use on the threshing floor. I shall also supply you with soft fruits as a blessing and provide the crop of the fruit trees.
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This verse
On the same day as his promise of blessing, the word of the LORD comes to Haggai a second time, opening the last message of the book.
“And again the word of the LORD came unto Haggai”
“Again” (shênîy) means a second time: this is the second message of the day and the last of the book.
“in the four and twentieth day of the month,”
The twenty-fourth of the ninth month, Chislev, the same day as the message of Haggai 2:10–19.
“saying,”
The word opens the message itself, which is addressed to Zerubbabel in the verses that follow.
Zerubbabel, God’s Chosen Signet
Haggai 2:20–23
Summary
On the same day that Haggai brought the people a promise of blessing, the word of the LORD came to him a second time, and this word was for Zerubbabel, the governor of Judah. God says that he will shake the heavens and the earth, overthrow the thrones of kingdoms, and bring down the chariots and horsemen of the nations until they fall by one another’s swords. In that day he will take Zerubbabel, his servant, and make him as a signet, because he has chosen him. With these words the book of Haggai ends. A small, struggling people under Persian rule hear that the God who commands the armies of heaven still keeps his promise to the house of David, a promise that comes to its fulness in Jesus Christ.
God makes Zerubbabel his signet
The whole message builds to verse 23, the last verse of the book. “In that day” looks ahead to the day of God’s shaking in verses 21–22, the decisive time when he acts in judgment and sets up his kingdom. Into that day God names one man: “will I take thee, O Zerubbabel, my servant, the son of Shealtiel”. The verb “take”, lâqach, is God’s own act of taking hold of Zerubbabel and raising him up, and he calls him by his name and by his father’s name.
What a signet was
A signet, chôwthâm, is a seal or signature ring. Kings and high officials used it to seal official documents, to make decrees binding, and to mark what belonged to them and who they were. It was among the most personal and valued things a king owned, and the one who held his seal acted with his authority. When God says he will make Zerubbabel “as a signet”, he is promising to honour him, to keep him close and safe, and to give him the authority of one who acts in God’s name. Zerubbabel becomes a visible pledge that what God has promised is sealed and certain.
The signet God once cast away
The picture answers an earlier word. God had spoken of Zerubbabel’s grandfather in Jeremiah 22:24: “As I live, saith the LORD, though Coniah the son of Jehoiakim king of Judah were the signet upon my right hand, yet would I pluck thee thence”. Coniah, also called Jehoiachin, was a king of David’s line, and God declared that he would tear him off like a ring and cast him away. Now God tells Coniah’s grandson that he will make him a signet. The sign of judgment becomes the sign of favour, and David’s line, brought so low by the exile in Babylon, is honoured again.
This is God keeping his covenant with David, the promise of a house and a throne established for ever (2 Samuel 7:12–16). Israel had sinned and gone into exile, and the line of kings looked broken, yet God remembered what he had sworn.
“My servant” and “I have chosen thee”
Zerubbabel’s titles in this verse are words of grace. “My servant”, ʻebed, is a servant or bondman, one who belongs to his master and does his will. It is also a title of honour for those God commissions, and in the prophets it points to the Servant of the LORD who carries out God’s saving purpose (Isaiah 42:1). “I have chosen thee” uses bâchar, to select or choose. The reason God gives for Zerubbabel’s honour is his own choice. Persia had appointed him governor, and the LORD had chosen him for his part in restoring the temple and the house of David.
“Saith the LORD of hosts” (nᵉʼum Yᵉhôvâh tsâbâʼ) opens and closes the promise, and “saith the LORD” stands in the middle, so that three times in one verse God sets his name to what he says. The LORD of hosts is the commander of the armies of heaven. The God who has just promised to bring down the armies of the nations is the one who signs this promise, and his word makes it sure.
Who Zerubbabel was, and why the word came to him
The year is about 520 BC, in the reign of Darius I of Persia. The exiles had come home from Babylon under the decree of Cyrus, led by Zerubbabel as governor and Joshua as high priest. The foundation of the temple was laid, but the work had stalled for years, through opposition from their neighbours and through the people’s own apathy, as they saw to their own houses first. God raised up Haggai, and Zechariah with him, to stir them to finish the work. Judah was a small Persian province, short of money, discouraged, and surrounded by larger nations.
Zerubbabel was the civil leader of the returned exiles and a descendant of King David. As a grandson of King Jehoiachin he was a rightful heir to David’s throne, and his name stands in both genealogies of Jesus (Matthew 1:12, Luke 3:27). The message comes to him because he led the rebuilding, and because God’s covenant with David rested on his family. It encouraged him in the task in front of him and assured him that God had a future for David’s house.
A second word on the same day
Verse 20 is dated “the four and twentieth day of the month”, the ninth month, Chislev. That is the same day as the message just before it, in which God spoke to the people about their defilement and promised to bless them as they obeyed and rebuilt the temple (Haggai 2:10–19). The word behind “again”, shênîy, means second: this is the second word the LORD gave Haggai that day, and the last in his book. The word for month, chôdesh, is the new moon, which marked the start of each month.
The date fixes the prophecy to a real day in history. God spoke to his people at the very time they needed it, and every message in Haggai is dated in the same way.
“The word of the LORD came unto Haggai” is how the prophets mark a message that comes from God himself. It begins Haggai’s first message (Haggai 1:1), and the same words introduce Jeremiah, Ezekiel and Zechariah (Jeremiah 1:4, Ezekiel 1:3, Zechariah 1:1). The Hebrew dâbâr means a word or speech, and in other places a matter or thing. Yᵉhôvâh, written “the LORD”, is God’s covenant name, the name of the God who keeps his promises to Israel. “Saying”, ʼâmar, is the ordinary verb for saying, telling or commanding, and it opens the words God now gives.
God will shake the heavens and the earth
God tells Haggai to “Speak to Zerubbabel, governor of Judah”, and the message begins with God’s own act: “I will shake the heavens and the earth”. The verb râʻash means to tremble or quake. It is used of the ground shaking in an earthquake, and also of nations and people trembling before God’s judgment or his presence. Shâmayim is the sky and everything above it, where the clouds move and the stars turn, and ʼerets is the earth, a land, or the ground. Heaven and earth together name the whole created order, and the verse places every part of it, and every power on it, in God’s hand.
Haggai has already spoken of this shaking earlier in the chapter (Haggai 2:6–9). There God promised to shake heaven and earth and all nations, so that the desire of all nations would come and the latter temple would be filled with glory. That word was about the temple. This one carries the shaking on to the thrones and armies of the nations and to the man God has chosen.
What does “shake the heavens and the earth” mean?
The phrase describes God overturning the whole established order, the powers of the world and the created order alike, and verse 22 shows its first meaning in the fall of thrones and armies. Prophetic speech uses this picture for a great upheaval brought by God in judgment, and other prophets speak of such a day (Isaiah 24, Joel 2).
The letter to the Hebrews takes up Haggai’s promise, “Yet once more”, and reads it of a shaking still to come, which removes the things that are made and can be shaken so that what cannot be shaken may remain. It goes on: “Wherefore we receiving a kingdom which cannot be moved” (Hebrews 12:26–28). When God shakes everything else, his kingdom is what remains standing, and he gives that kingdom to his people.
The thrones and armies of the nations fall
“I will overthrow the throne of kingdoms” uses hâphak, to turn about or turn over, and so to overturn or change completely. The throne stands for the ruling power of the nations, the seat of authority that looks so permanent to human eyes, and God says he will turn it upside down. “And I will destroy the strength of the kingdoms of the heathen” names chôzeq, strength or power, everything that makes a kingdom mighty. “Heathen” is gôwy, a nation, and especially a foreign nation, the Gentiles. In the prophets it often means the nations set against God and his people.
Then the verse turns to their armies. Chariots were the great weapons of war in that day, and horses and riders were a vital part of every army. God will overthrow the chariots and those who ride in them, and the horses and their riders “shall come down”. The verb yârad is the ordinary word for going down, and here it is a fall from power in defeat. For a small province afraid of the powers around it, this was God’s own word that every empire answered to him.
Daniel says the same of God: “he removeth kings, and setteth up kings” (Daniel 2:21), and “the God of heaven set up a kingdom, which shall never be destroyed” (Daniel 2:44). The repeated “I will” in Haggai’s verse puts all of it in God’s hands.
Every one by the sword of his brother
The last words of the verse tell how the armies fall: “every one by the sword of his brother.” God’s enemies turn their weapons on one another. He did this once before in Gideon’s day, when the LORD set every man’s sword against his fellow throughout the camp of Midian (Judges 7:22). The confusion that brings them down comes from God, and the powers that stood against his people bring about their own ruin. It is also a picture of sin, which in the end destroys all who rebel against God’s rule. Revelation shows the last such battle, when the armies of the kings of the earth gather against Christ and are overthrown (Revelation 19:19–21).
Christ, the chosen servant and true heir of David
God’s promise to Zerubbabel reaches past Zerubbabel himself to the one he foreshadowed. Jesus, born of Zerubbabel’s line, is the true Son of David and the chosen servant. Matthew applies Isaiah’s words to him: “Behold my servant, whom I have chosen” (Matthew 12:18). He is the one through whom God’s authority is made known and his kingdom established, the living signet who bears God’s seal. God has highly exalted him and given him “a name which is above every name” (Philippians 2:9–11), and every promise God has made is settled in him: “For all the promises of God in him are yea, and in him Amen” (2 Corinthians 1:20).
The word that came so often to the prophets has now come in person. God, who spoke “at sundry times and in divers manners” by the prophets, “Hath in these last days spoken unto us by his Son” (Hebrews 1:1–2), the Word who “was made flesh, and dwelt among us” (John 1:14). He is the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world (John 1:29). Zerubbabel rebuilt a temple of stone, and through his life, death and resurrection Jesus built a living temple, his church, and established the new covenant.
The shaking of nations also comes to its end in Christ. His kingdom came among us at his first coming (Luke 17:20–21), and when he returns every power that stands against him will fall before the rider whose name is King of kings and Lord of lords (Revelation 19:11–16). Daniel saw one like the Son of man receive “an everlasting dominion, which shall not pass away” (Daniel 7:13–14), and after the shaking comes “a new heaven and a new earth” (Revelation 21:1).
A sure word for a small people
These four verses were spoken to the governor of a poor province, to people who were tired and afraid of their neighbours, and God answered their smallness with his own greatness. The thrones and armies that loomed over Judah stood in his hand, and he could bring them down at a word. He still remembered David’s house after the exile, and he took up again the very picture of judgment he had once used against it. What God chooses, he keeps.
The God who will shake everything that can be shaken is the same God who gives his people a kingdom which cannot be moved. In Christ, his chosen servant, we belong to that kingdom, and our hope rests where Zerubbabel’s did, on the word of the LORD of hosts.
Haggai 2:20 This verse
“And again the word of the LORD came unto Haggai”
“Again” (shênîy) means a second time: this is the second message of the day and the last of the book.
“in the four and twentieth day of the month,”
The twenty-fourth of the ninth month, Chislev, the same day as the message of Haggai 2:10–19.
“saying,”
The word opens the message itself, which is addressed to Zerubbabel in the verses that follow.
Haggai 2:21
“Speak to Zerubbabel, governor of Judah, saying,”
Haggai carries the word to the civil leader of the returned exiles, a descendant of David.
“I will shake the heavens and the earth;”
God himself is the one who acts. Heaven and earth together stand for the whole created order, and the next verse shows the shaking in the fall of kingdoms.
Haggai 2:22
“And I will overthrow the throne of kingdoms,”
The throne stands for the ruling power of the nations, and God will overturn it.
“and I will destroy the strength of the kingdoms of the heathen;”
All that makes the nations strong, their armies and their rule, will be broken.
“and I will overthrow the chariots, and those that ride in them;”
The chariots were the most feared weapons of the age.
“and the horses and their riders shall come down,”
The horsemen fall from their place of power in defeat.
“every one by the sword of his brother.”
The enemies of God’s people fall by their own weapons turned on one another, as Midian did in Gideon’s day.
Haggai 2:23
“In that day, saith the LORD of hosts,”
The day of the shaking in verses 21–22, and God sets his name to the promise.
“will I take thee, O Zerubbabel, my servant, the son of Shealtiel, saith the LORD,”
God takes hold of Zerubbabel by name and lineage and calls him his servant, a title of honour.
“and will make thee as a signet:”
A king’s seal ring, used to seal his decrees. The grandson of Coniah, whom God had cast off like a signet, is made a signet again.
“for I have chosen thee, saith the LORD of hosts.”
Zerubbabel’s honour rests on God’s own choice, and the book closes on the LORD’s word.
Last revised