### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew word **shâgaʻ**, represented by `{{H7696}}`, is a primitive root used to describe raving through insanity. Its definitions include being or playing the **mad** man. It appears **7 times** across **6 unique verses**, often depicting a state of extreme mental distress or behavior perceived as insane by others.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In biblical usage, `{{H7696}}` is applied in several distinct contexts. It is used to describe a feigned state of insanity, as when an individual is said to "play the mad man" [[1 Samuel 21:15]]. It also appears as a derogatory term for a prophet or messenger, as seen when Jehu's associates ask why "this mad fellow" came to him [[2 Kings 9:11]]. The term can also signify a condition of judgment, where one is driven "mad for the sight of thine eyes" as a curse [[Deuteronomy 28:34]]. In Hosea, it is declared that "the spiritual man is mad" as a consequence of Israel's great iniquity [[Hosea 9:7]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words provide a fuller picture of the context in which `{{H7696}}` is used:
* `{{H191}}` **ʼĕvîyl** (silly; fool(-ish) (man)): This term is directly associated with madness in the context of prophecy, where the prophet is called a **fool** and the spiritual man is described as mad [[Hosea 9:7]].
* `{{H5012}}` **nâbâʼ** (to prophesy): This action is explicitly linked with madness. In Jeremiah, the instruction is given to put any man who is mad and "maketh himself a prophet" into prison [[Jeremiah 29:26]].
* `{{H7307}}` **rûwach** (wind; ...spirit): This word connects the spiritual realm to the state of being mad. A "spiritual man" is equated with being mad as a result of sin and divine recompence [[Hosea 9:7]].
### Theological Significance
The theological weight of `{{H7696}}` is significant, highlighting the thin line between divine inspiration and perceived insanity.
* **Prophetic Dismissal:** The term is used by observers to dismiss or scorn a divine messenger. Both Jehu's visitor [[2 Kings 9:11]] and those claiming to be prophets in Jeremiah's time [[Jeremiah 29:26]] are labeled with this term, suggesting that prophetic fervor could be misunderstood as madness.
* **A Sign of Judgment:** The state of being mad is presented not just as a condition, but as a direct consequence of sin or a curse from God. It is a punishment for iniquity [[Hosea 9:7]] and a curse for disobedience [[Deuteronomy 28:34]].
* **Perceived vs. Actual State:** The word is used to describe both a deliberate act ("play the mad man" in [[1 Samuel 21:15]]) and a genuine state of being ("thou shalt be mad" in [[Deuteronomy 28:34]]), showing its versatility in describing an outward appearance of insanity, regardless of the internal reality.
### Summary
In summary, `{{H7696}}` **shâgaʻ** is a potent term that goes beyond a simple definition of insanity. It is a word that sits at the crossroads of divine judgment, prophetic activity, and social perception. Whether used to describe a feigned condition, a pejorative label for God's messengers, or a terrible curse, it illustrates how behavior perceived as raving or mad was deeply intertwined with the spiritual and moral state of individuals and the nation.
TRV