a primitive root (probably identical with צָפָה through the idea of expansion in outlook, transferring to action); to sheet over (especially with metal); cover, overlay.
### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew word **tsâphâh**, represented by `{{H6823}}`, is a primitive root meaning to **sheet over**, **cover**, or **overlay**, especially with metal. It appears 46 times across 39 unique verses in the Bible. The term is primarily used to describe the act of applying a layer of valuable material, such as gold or brass, onto another object, transforming its appearance and purpose.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In the biblical narrative, `{{H6823}}` is a key verb in the instructions for and construction of the Tabernacle and Solomon's Temple. It details the process of consecrating items for worship by covering them in precious metals. For example, the staves of shittim wood for the ark were to be made and then **overlaid** with gold [[Exodus 25:13]]. This action was applied to numerous sacred objects, from the ark itself, which was **overlaid** with pure gold [[Exodus 25:11]], to the altar, which was **overlaid** with brass [[Exodus 27:2]]. The word is also used figuratively in Proverbs to compare a wicked heart to a potsherd **covered** with silver dross, suggesting a deceptive and worthless exterior [[Proverbs 26:23]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words provide context for the act of overlaying:
* `{{H2091}}` **zâhâb** (gold, golden): This is the most common material associated with `tsâphâh`, used to **overlay** the most important items in the Tabernacle and Temple, such as the great throne of ivory [[1 Kings 10:18]].
* `{{H6213}}` **ʻâsâh** (to do or make): This verb is frequently paired with `tsâphâh`, indicating a two-step process of first fashioning an object and then adorning it. The command was to **make** staves and then **overlay** them with gold [[Exodus 37:4]].
* `{{H2889}}` **ṭâhôwr** (pure): This adjective often qualifies the metal used, emphasizing holiness and perfection. The instruction was to **overlay** items with **pure** gold, signifying their sacred purpose [[Exodus 25:24]].
* `{{H7286}}` **râdad** (to spread, subdue): This word is used alongside `tsâphâh` to describe how the gold was applied, as when Solomon **overlaid** the temple doors with gold, and **spread** the gold upon the cherubims [[1 Kings 6:32]].
### Theological Significance
The theological and symbolic weight of `{{H6823}}` is significant.
* **Consecration for Worship:** The primary function of overlaying was to sanctify objects, visually transforming wood and other materials into items set apart for God's service. This process was applied to everything from the ark to the pillars and boards of the sanctuary [[Exodus 26:29]].
* **Symbol of Divine Splendor:** The extensive use of gold overlay in Solomon's Temple reflected the glory, majesty, and beauty of God. The entire house was **overlaid** with gold, creating a space that honored God's presence [[1 Kings 6:22]].
* **Representation of Royalty and Honor:** Beyond sacred contexts, overlaying was a mark of supreme wealth and authority, as seen in Solomon's ivory throne that he **overlaid** with the best gold [[2 Chronicles 9:17]].
* **Metaphor for Deception:** The word's use in Proverbs provides a stark moral lesson. Just as dross can **cover** a simple potsherd, a pleasing appearance can mask a wicked heart, highlighting the difference between outward appearances and inner truth [[Proverbs 26:23]].
### Summary
In summary, `{{H6823}}` is a specific, practical term that carries immense symbolic meaning. It describes the physical act of covering an object with a metallic layer, but more importantly, it signifies a transformation. Whether setting apart an item for holy use, honoring a king, or masking an evil heart, `tsâphâh` illustrates the biblical principle that a surface covering can define an object's purpose, value, and perceived character.
TRV