### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew word **ʻĂrâd**, represented by `{{H6166}}`, is defined as **fugitive; Arad, the name of a place near Palestine, also of a Canaanite and an Israelite**. It appears 5 times across 5 unique verses in the Bible. The term is used to identify a specific Canaanite king, a geographical location in the south, and an Israelite individual.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In the biblical narrative, `{{H6166}}` primarily functions as a proper name associated with conflict during Israel's journey. It identifies **king Arad the Canaanite**, who dwelt in the south and fought against Israel upon hearing of their approach, taking some of them as prisoners [[Numbers 21:1]]. The name also denotes a location, as the wilderness of Judah is described as lying "in the south of Arad" [[Judges 1:16]]. The king of Arad is later listed among those defeated by Israel [[Joshua 12:14]]. In a different context, Arad is mentioned as the name of an Israelite in a genealogy [[1 Chronicles 8:15]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words help clarify the context surrounding Arad:
* `{{H4428}}` **melek** (a king): This title is consistently applied to Arad, identifying him as a ruler who opposed Israel's advance ([[Numbers 21:1]], [[Joshua 12:14]]).
* `{{H3669}}` **Kᵉnaʻanîy** (a Kenaanite or inhabitant of Kenaan): This identifies the ethnic and national identity of king Arad, placing him among the peoples inhabiting the land promised to Israel [[Numbers 33:40]].
* `{{H3898}}` **lâcham** (to battle): This word describes the primary action of king Arad, who "fought against Israel" upon their arrival in the south [[Numbers 21:1]].
* `{{H5045}}` **negeb** (the south): This term specifies the region where king Arad dwelt and where the location of Arad was situated ([[Judges 1:16]], [[Numbers 21:1]]).
### Theological Significance
The significance of `{{H6166}}` is found in its role within the narrative of Israel's conquest and settlement.
* **Opposition to God's People:** King Arad the Canaanite represents one of the hostile forces that Israel encountered. His act of fighting Israel and taking prisoners was a direct challenge to their journey [[Numbers 21:1]].
* **Conquest and Sovereignty:** The mention of the king of Arad in the list of defeated kings demonstrates the eventual fulfillment of God's promise to give the land to Israel, despite the opposition they faced [[Joshua 12:14]].
* **Geographic and Genealogical Marker:** The use of Arad as a place name helps to map the landscape of the Old Testament [[Judges 1:16]], while its appearance as an Israelite name shows its integration into the family lines of Judah [[1 Chronicles 8:15]].
### Summary
In summary, `{{H6166}}` is a name that marks a point of conflict and geography in Israel's history. It is most prominent as the name of a Canaanite king who opposed the Israelites, but it also serves as a geographical reference for the southern part of Judah and appears as a personal name within an Israelite lineage. Its usage underscores themes of conflict, conquest, and identity within the biblical account.
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