### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew word **ʻâṭar**, represented by `{{H5849}}`, is a primitive root meaning to encircle, whether for attack or protection. It is most often used in the sense of crowning, either literally or figuratively. This term appears **8 times** across **7 unique verses** in the Bible, highlighting its specific but significant applications in describing both hostile and benevolent actions.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In its biblical usage, `{{H5849}}` conveys a range of meanings. It is used literally in the context of King Solomon, whom his mother **crowned** on the day of his espousals [[Song of Solomon 3:11]]. Figuratively, it describes God's blessings, such as when He **crowneth** the righteous with lovingkindness and tender mercies [[Psalms 103:4]]. The word also carries the meaning of encirclement. For protection, God will **compass** the righteous with favour as with a shield [[Psalms 5:12]]. Conversely, it can denote a hostile encirclement, as when Saul and his men **compassed** David and his men to capture them [[1 Samuel 23:26]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words clarify the contexts in which **ʻâṭar** is used:
* `{{H5850}}` **ʻăṭârâh** (crown): The noun form derived from `{{H5849}}`, this word refers to a literal or figurative **crown**. It is used in the account of King Solomon being crowned by his mother [[Song of Solomon 3:11]].
* `{{H3519}}` **kâbôwd** (glory): This word for splendor or honor is often what is bestowed through the act of crowning. For example, God has **crowned** man with **glory** and honour [[Psalms 8:5]].
* `{{H6793}}` **tsinnâh** (shield): This term for a large **shield** illustrates the protective aspect of being encircled. God is said to **compass** the righteous with favour as with a **shield** [[Psalms 5:12]].
### Theological Significance
The theological weight of `{{H5849}}` is demonstrated through its application in several key themes:
* **Divine Blessing and Favor:** The act of crowning is often a metaphor for God's abundant provision and favor. He **crownest** the year with goodness [[Psalms 65:11]] and blesses His people with lovingkindness `{{H2617}}` and tender mercies `{{H7356}}` [[Psalms 103:4]].
* **Conferral of Honor:** To be crowned is to be given a high status and dignity. God has **crowned** humanity with glory `{{H3519}}` and honour `{{H1926}}`, placing them just a little lower than the angels `{{H430}}` [[Psalms 8:5]]. Similarly, Tyre is described as the **crowning** city, whose merchants were princes `{{H8269}}` [[Isaiah 23:8]].
* **Encirclement for Protection or Attack:** The root meaning of "to encircle" is shown in both a positive and negative light. God surrounds the righteous for their defense [[Psalms 5:12]], while enemies **compassed** David in an attempt to capture him [[1 Samuel 23:26]], showing the word's dual application.
### Summary
In summary, `{{H5849}}` is a dynamic word that signifies more than a simple circlet of gold. It captures the concept of being surrounded, whether by a crown of honor, a shield of divine favor, or a hostile army. Its usage reveals a powerful biblical theme where God bestows glory and blessing upon His creation and protects the righteous by encircling them with His goodness.
TRV