The Hebrew word ʻâṭar, represented by H5849, is a primitive root meaning to encircle, whether for attack or protection. It is most often used in the sense of crowning, either literally or figuratively. This term appears 8 times across 7 unique verses in the Bible, highlighting its specific but significant applications in describing both hostile and benevolent actions.
In its biblical usage, H5849 conveys a range of meanings. It is used literally in the context of King Solomon, whom his mother crowned on the day of his espousals Song of Solomon 3:11. Figuratively, it describes God's blessings, such as when He crowneth the righteous with lovingkindness and tender mercies Psalms 103:4. The word also carries the meaning of encirclement. For protection, God will compass the righteous with favour as with a shield Psalms 5:12. Conversely, it can denote a hostile encirclement, as when Saul and his men compassed David and his men to capture them 1 Samuel 23:26.
Several related words clarify the contexts in which ʻâṭar is used:
- H5850 ʻăṭârâh (crown): The noun form derived from H5849, this word refers to a literal or figurative crown. It is used in the account of King Solomon being crowned by his mother Song of Solomon 3:11.
- H3519 kâbôwd (glory): This word for splendor or honor is often what is bestowed through the act of crowning. For example, God has crowned man with glory and honour Psalms 8:5.
- H6793 tsinnâh (shield): This term for a large shield illustrates the protective aspect of being encircled. God is said to compass the righteous with favour as with a shield Psalms 5:12.
The theological weight of H5849 is demonstrated through its application in several key themes:
- Divine Blessing and Favor: The act of crowning is often a metaphor for God's abundant provision and favor. He crownest the year with goodness Psalms 65:11 and blesses His people with lovingkindness H2617 and tender mercies H7356 Psalms 103:4.
- Conferral of Honor: To be crowned is to be given a high status and dignity. God has crowned humanity with glory H3519 and honour H1926, placing them just a little lower than the angels H430 Psalms 8:5. Similarly, Tyre is described as the crowning city, whose merchants were princes H8269 Isaiah 23:8.
- Encirclement for Protection or Attack: The root meaning of "to encircle" is shown in both a positive and negative light. God surrounds the righteous for their defense Psalms 5:12, while enemies compassed David in an attempt to capture him 1 Samuel 23:26, showing the word's dual application.
In summary, H5849 is a dynamic word that signifies more than a simple circlet of gold. It captures the concept of being surrounded, whether by a crown of honor, a shield of divine favor, or a hostile army. Its usage reveals a powerful biblical theme where God bestows glory and blessing upon His creation and protects the righteous by encircling them with His goodness.
TRV