סְפָר

Core Meaning & Semantic Range

The Hebrew word çᵉphâr, represented by H5610, specifically denotes a census or numbering. Derived from the root word H5608, its usage is highly focused. It appears only 1 time in the entire Bible, highlighting a very specific administrative action.

Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis

The single biblical use of H5610 is found in 2 Chronicles 2:17. In this verse, the term is used to describe the official census conducted by King Solomon to count all the foreigners residing in Israel. The text explicitly states that this was a continuation of a previous numbering that his father, David, had initiated. This context firmly places the word within the realm of royal administration and the organization of the kingdom's inhabitants.

Related Words & Concepts

Several related words provide a broader context for the act of counting and recording:

• H5608 çâphar: This is the primitive root from which H5610 is derived. Its meaning is broader than just a census, encompassing actions like to enumerate, recount, declare, or talk. For example, it is used to describe how the heavens "declare" the glory of God Psalms 19:1.
• H8010 Shᵉlômôh: The name for Solomon, David's successor. He is the central figure in the only verse where H5610 is used, as he is the one who carries out the numbering his father began 2 Chronicles 2:17.

Theological Significance

While H5610 itself points to a practical function, its root word carries deeper theological weight.

• Administrative Order: The primary occurrence of numbering is for a state census, an act of governance and order under Solomon, demonstrating organized rule in the kingdom 2 Chronicles 2:17.
• Divine Accounting: The root verb H5608 is used metaphorically to show God's meticulous awareness. In Psalms 56:8, the psalmist speaks of God "telling" his wanderings, implying a divine record or count of an individual's suffering.
• Recounting God's Works: The concept of "numbering" is connected to "declaring" or "recounting." The verb H5608 is used when the psalmist vows to "shew forth" God's works Psalms 9:1 or "declare" His decree Psalms 2:7, shifting the focus from counting people to proclaiming God's mighty acts, which themselves are too many to be numbered Psalms 40:5.

Summary

In summary, H5610 is a specific term for a census, used exclusively in the context of Solomon's administration. However, its linguistic root, H5608, expands the concept from a simple headcount to a profound theological theme. This includes the declaration of God's glory, the recounting of His works, and the comforting assurance that God himself keeps a precise account of the lives of his people.