from the same as סַהַר; a dungeon (as surrounded by walls); prison.
Transliteration:çôhar
Pronunciation:so'-har
Detailed Word Study
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### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The lemma *çôhar* (`{{H5470}}`) is derived from a root that conveys the idea of surrounding or enclosing. Its base definition specifies "a dungeon (as surrounded by walls)" or "prison." This etymological connection to the concept of being encircled or hemmed in is crucial, emphasizing the physical structure of a place of confinement. The primary semantic range of *çôhar* is thus narrow and precise, referring exclusively to a physical space designed for the involuntary restriction of individuals, characterized by its enclosing walls.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The term *çôhar* (`{{H5470}}`) appears only once in the Hebrew Bible, found in the book of Genesis: [[Genesis 39:20]]. In this singular instance, it refers to the "prison" or "dungeon" into which Joseph is cast after being falsely accused by Potiphar's wife. The verse states: "And Joseph's master took him and put him into the prison, the place where the king's prisoners were confined, and he was there in the prison." The repetition of "in the prison" (בְּבֵית הַסֹּהַר) underscores the reality of Joseph's confinement. The context clearly identifies *çôhar* as an official, governmental detention facility, specifically "the place where the king's prisoners were confined." This highlights its function as a secure, walled institution for those accused of crimes against the state or its officials. Despite the severe and unjust nature of his imprisonment, the narrative immediately follows with the observation that "the LORD was with Joseph" (cf. [[Genesis 39:21]]), indicating divine oversight even within the confines of the *çôhar*.
### Related Words & Concepts
While *çôhar* (`{{H5470}}`) is unique in its singular occurrence and specific etymological nuance of being "surrounded by walls," it shares a semantic field with other Hebrew terms for imprisonment or confinement. Related concepts and words include:
* *bêth ha'esûr* (בֵּית הָאֵסוּר, `{{H631}}` + `{{H612}}`), literally "house of confinement" or "house of binding," which is a more common term for a prison (e.g., [[Jeremiah 37:15]], [[Jeremiah 52:11]]). This term emphasizes the state of being bound or held.
* *kêle'* (כֶּלֶא, `{{H3628}}`), meaning "confinement" or "imprisonment," which can refer to the act of being shut up or the place itself (e.g., [[Isaiah 42:7]]).
* *masger* (מַסְגֵּר, `{{H4525}}`), derived from a root meaning "to shut up," which can also denote a prison or dungeon (e.g., [[Isaiah 24:22]]).
Unlike these broader terms, *çôhar* specifically emphasizes the architectural aspect of the prison as an enclosed, walled structure. Its etymological connection to a root signifying enclosure or circularity reinforces this particular nuance.
### Theological Significance
The solitary appearance of *çôhar* (`{{H5470}}`) in the Joseph narrative is profoundly significant. It marks a critical juncture in Joseph's life, representing a period of extreme vulnerability, injustice, and apparent abandonment. Theologically, the *çôhar* is not merely a place of punishment but a crucible in God's redemptive plan. Joseph's experience within its walls demonstrates divine sovereignty over human adversity. Even in this dark and confined space, "the LORD was with Joseph and showed him steadfast love" (cf. [[Genesis 39:21]]), illustrating that God's presence and favor are not limited by physical circumstances or human injustice. The *çôhar* serves as a powerful symbol of how God can use periods of suffering and restriction to refine character, teach patience, and ultimately prepare an individual for a greater purpose. Joseph's time in prison was instrumental in positioning him to interpret Pharaoh's dreams and eventually save his family and the nation of Egypt, underscoring God's ability to work through the most challenging circumstances for the fulfillment of His divine will.
### Summary
The Hebrew word *çôhar* (`{{H5470}}`) precisely denotes a "dungeon" or "prison," with a specific emphasis on its nature as a place "surrounded by walls." Its unique occurrence in [[Genesis 39:20]] describes the place of Joseph's unjust confinement. While sharing semantic space with other Hebrew terms for imprisonment, *çôhar* highlights the structural aspect of being enclosed. Theologically, Joseph's experience in the *çôhar* is a powerful testament to God's unwavering presence and providential working, even amidst human betrayal and suffering. It illustrates that even in the most restrictive and unjust circumstances, God can transform a place of despair into a vital stage for the unfolding of His redemptive plan, ultimately leading to deliverance and exaltation.
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