from an unused root meaning to extend; properly, extent (of time); but used only adverbially (especially with other particle prefixes), when (either relative or interrogative); long, when.
### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew word **mâthay**, represented by `{{H4970}}`, is an adverb used to ask **when** or **how long**. Derived from a root meaning to extend, it inquires about an extent of time. It appears **3 times** across **3 unique verses**, always as a pointed question.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In its biblical usage, `{{H4970}}` appears in pivotal dialogues. Moses and Aaron use it to confront Pharaoh directly on behalf of the LORD `{{H3068}}` God `{{H430}}` of the Hebrews `{{H5680}}`, asking, "**How long** wilt thou refuse to humble thyself before me?" [[Exodus 10:3]]. In a similar context, Moses uses the word to put the timing of deliverance in Pharaoh's hands, asking "**when** shall I intreat for thee... to destroy the frogs" [[Exodus 8:9]]. The term also carries a personal weight, as when Jacob, after seeing the LORD bless `{{H1288}}` his master, asks, "**when** shall I provide for mine own house also?" [[Genesis 30:30]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words provide context for the questions asked using `{{H4970}}`:
* `{{H3985}}` **mâʼên** (to refuse): This word highlights the defiance that prompts the question "how long?". It is used to describe those who have **refused** to receive correction [[Jeremiah 5:3]].
* `{{H6279}}` **ʻâthar** (intreat): This term is tied to the question of "when" in the context of intercession. Moses asks Pharaoh when he should **intreat** the LORD [[Exodus 8:9]], just as Isaac **intreated** the LORD for his wife [[Genesis 25:21]].
* `{{H6213}}` **ʻâsâh** (to do or make): Jacob's question is about when he will be able to **provide** (or 'make') for his own family [[Genesis 30:30]]. This verb is used broadly, from human action to God's creative power in making the heaven and the earth [[Jeremiah 32:17]].
* `{{H1004}}` **bayith** (house): This word represents the family and future at the heart of Jacob's question. The importance of one's **house** is a recurring theme, as in Joshua's declaration, "as for me and my **house**, we will serve the LORD" [[Joshua 24:15]].
### Theological Significance
The theological significance of `{{H4970}}` lies in its function as a catalyst for decision and revelation.
* **Divine Confrontation:** The question "How **long**" serves as a divine challenge to earthly power, framing the conflict between God's command and human rebellion [[Exodus 10:3]].
* **Timing and Responsibility:** By asking Pharaoh "**when**" he should pray for relief, Moses demonstrates that the timing of God's deliverance can be linked to human response and responsibility [[Exodus 8:9]].
* **Personal Faith and Provision:** The term expresses a deep personal longing for the fulfillment of God's timing. Jacob's question reflects the faithful servant's plea for his own future, trusting that God will provide for his house [[Genesis 30:30]].
### Summary
In summary, **mâthay** `{{H4970}}` is a potent interrogative word used to question the extent or timing of an event. Though rare, its appearances mark critical junctures in Scripture, from challenging the ruler of Egypt to expressing a patriarch's concern for his own family. It underscores the tension between divine timing and human will, illustrating how a simple question of "when" can carry immense narrative and theological weight.
TRV