### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew word **mᵉshûwbâh**, represented by `{{H4878}}`, is a term for **apostasy** or **backsliding**. Derived from the root word `{{H7725}}` `shûwb`, meaning to turn back or away, it appears **12 times** across **12 unique verses** in the Bible. It signifies a state of turning away from God, often describing the spiritual condition of Israel.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
In the biblical narrative, `{{H4878}}` is used primarily by the prophets Jeremiah and Hosea to confront Israel's unfaithfulness. The term characterizes the nation as "backsliding Israel" [[Jeremiah 3:12]] and describes a condition so ingrained that the people are "bent to backsliding" [[Hosea 11:7]]. This state is not without consequences; the people are warned, "thy backslidings shall reprove thee" [[Jeremiah 2:19]]. This turning away is shown to have fatal results for the simple, whose choice to turn away will ultimately "slay them" [[Proverbs 1:32]]. Despite the gravity of this condition, God extends a promise to "heal their backsliding" [[Hosea 14:4]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words provide a fuller context for understanding backsliding and God's response to it:
* `{{H7725}}` **shûwb** (to turn back): As the root of `{{H4878}}`, this word is central to the theme. It is used in God's appeal for repentance, "Return, ye backsliding children" [[Jeremiah 3:22]], and to describe the people's obstinance when they "refuse to return" [[Jeremiah 8:5]].
* `{{H7495}}` **râphâʼ** (to heal): This word represents God's gracious solution to backsliding. The promise is not just for forgiveness but for restoration, as God declares, "I will heal their backsliding" [[Hosea 14:4]] and "I will heal your backslidings" [[Jeremiah 3:22]].
* `{{H5800}}` **ʻâzab** (to forsake): This term describes the foundational act of backsliding. The state of apostasy is defined by having "forsaken the LORD thy God" [[Jeremiah 2:19]], which is identified as an evil and bitter thing.
### Theological Significance
The theological weight of `{{H4878}}` is significant, highlighting key aspects of the relationship between God and His people.
* **A Persistent Rebellion:** Backsliding is portrayed as a chronic spiritual illness. Israel is described as being in a "perpetual backsliding" [[Jeremiah 8:5]], holding fast to deceit and refusing to return to God. This indicates a deep-seated and willful turning away.
* **The Cause of Judgment:** The consequences of backsliding are severe. It is directly linked with an increase in transgressions [[Jeremiah 5:6]] and iniquities [[Jeremiah 14:7]], which bring about divine judgment symbolized by destructive forces like a lion and a wolf.
* **The Target of Divine Mercy:** Despite the judgment it incurs, backsliding is consistently met with an offer of redemption. God calls "backsliding Israel" to return, promising not to keep His anger forever because He is merciful [[Jeremiah 3:12]]. The promise to heal is coupled with the promise to "love them freely" [[Hosea 14:4]].
### Summary
In summary, `{{H4878}}` is not merely about a single act of disobedience but describes the profound spiritual state of apostasy. It is a key term in the prophetic books for diagnosing Israel's unfaithfulness, which leads to dire consequences and divine correction. However, the concept is inextricably linked to God's persistent call for repentance and His standing offer to heal and restore those who have turned away.
TRV