### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew word H4765 (מַרְבַד, *marbad*) is a noun derived from the root רָבַד (*ravad*), which signifies "to spread out," "to lay out," or "to extend." This etymological connection provides the core meaning of marbad as something that is spread or laid out. The base definition specifies it as a "coverlet" or "covering of tapestry." The term denotes a specific type of fabric covering, likely ornamental and of considerable value, rather than a simple blanket. Its semantic range is quite narrow, referring to an item of furnishing used for adornment or comfort, particularly in a domestic setting.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The word H4765 (מַרְבַד, *marbad*) appears only once in the Hebrew Bible, in [[Proverbs 7:16]]. This singular occurrence is highly significant for understanding its nuance and contextual implications.
In [[Proverbs 7:16]], the word is found within the vivid description of the adulteress's seductive appeal and the alluring environment she creates to ensnare the naive youth: "I have spread my bed with coverlets, with patterned coverings of Egyptian linen." Here, marbad is translated as "coverlets" or "tapestries," and it is explicitly qualified by the phrase "tapestries of Egypt" (מִיצָרִים), indicating an exotic and luxurious origin.
The context of Proverbs 7 is a stark warning against sexual immorality. The marbad is presented as part of the elaborate material temptations employed by the "strange woman." The luxurious furnishings, alongside perfumed oils and enticing words, are designed to create an atmosphere of sensual indulgence and comfort, masking the destructive consequences of her invitation. The mention of "Egyptian linen" further highlights the opulence and perhaps even a subtle hint of foreign, potentially corrupting, influences. The marbad is not merely a functional item but a key component in the sensory experience crafted to lure the unsuspecting into sin.
### Related Words & Concepts
The primary linguistic connection for H4765 (מַרְבַד) is its root, רָבַד (*ravad*), which emphasizes the action of spreading or laying out. This root is not frequently used, reinforcing the specific nature of marbad as a spread-out item.
Conceptually, marbad relates to several themes prevalent in the wisdom literature:
* **Luxury and Adornment:** It belongs to a category of words describing valuable possessions and decorative items, such as fine linen (מִיצָרִים), precious ointments, and perfumes mentioned in the same passage. These stand in contrast to the simplicity and purity often associated with wisdom.
* **The Bed/Couch:** The marbad is specifically associated with the bed (מִשְׁכָּב, `{{H4904}}`), the setting for intimacy and, in this context, illicit sexual activity.
* **Seduction and Temptation:** As part of the harlot's arsenal, marbad is linked to the broader concept of temptation (פֶּתִי, *peti*, `{{H6612}}` - simple/naive person who is easily enticed) and the deceptive allure of sin.
* **Foreign Influence:** The "tapestries of Egypt" subtly connect marbad to the theme of foreign goods and, by extension, the potential dangers of foreign customs or idolatry that often accompanied trade with nations like Egypt in Israelite thought.
Other general terms for coverings or garments like בֶּגֶד (*beged*, `{{H899}}`), כְּסוּת (*kesut*, `{{H3682}}`), or שִׂמְלָה (*simlah*, `{{H8071}}`) are broader and lack the specific connotation of a decorative, woven coverlet that marbad conveys.
### Theological Significance
While H4765 (מַרְבַד) itself is a descriptive rather than a theological term, its singular appearance in [[Proverbs 7:16]] imbues it with profound theological significance within the framework of biblical wisdom. The marbad functions as a tangible symbol of the deceptive allure of sin.
Theologically, the luxurious "tapestries of Egypt" represent the superficial attractiveness and material comfort that often mask spiritual danger and destruction. Sin, particularly sexual sin, is presented not as inherently ugly or repulsive, but as alluringly packaged, much like the harlot's bed adorned with fine fabrics. This highlights a crucial theological truth: temptation often appeals to the senses and promises immediate gratification and comfort.
Furthermore, the "Egyptian" origin of the tapestries might carry a subtle theological undertone. Egypt, for ancient Israel, often symbolized worldly power, idolatry, and a source of temptation away from exclusive devotion to Yahweh. Thus, the marbad could implicitly represent not just material luxury but also the dangers of adopting foreign customs and values that lead away from God's covenant.
The presence of the marbad in the harlot's house serves as a vivid object lesson within the broader theological warning of Proverbs. It underscores the deceptive nature of unrighteousness, which often presents itself in attractive, comfortable, and seemingly harmless forms, yet ultimately leads to ruin and death. It stands in stark contrast to the "ways of wisdom" (e.g., [[Proverbs 4:11]], [[Proverbs 8:20]]), which are depicted as paths of righteousness leading to life and true prosperity. The marbad thus becomes a poignant reminder of the necessity for discernment and the rejection of worldly enticements for the sake of spiritual integrity.
### Summary
The Hebrew word H4765 (מַרְבַד, *marbad*), meaning "coverlet" or "tapestry," derives from the root רָבַד (to spread out). Its sole biblical occurrence is in [[Proverbs 7:16]], where it describes the luxurious "tapestries of Egypt" used by the adulteress to adorn her bed. In this context, marbad is not merely a decorative item but a potent symbol of the material and sensual temptations used by the "strange woman" to ensnare the naive. Theologically, marbad represents the deceptive, superficial allure of sin, highlighting how unrighteousness often presents itself in attractive and comfortable forms. Its "Egyptian" origin may also subtly allude to the dangers of foreign influences and worldly enticements that draw one away from God's wisdom and covenant. Thus, marbad serves as a vivid illustration within Proverbs' overarching warning against the destructive path of immorality, emphasizing the need for spiritual discernment over fleeting material pleasures.
TRV