### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Hebrew word **machărêshâh**, represented by `{{H4281}}`, is defined as a **mattock** and is likely derived from a root meaning to engrave or plow. It appears only **2 times** across **2 unique verses**, with both occurrences found in the same chapter of the Bible.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The context for `{{H4281}}` is a specific moment of Israelite vulnerability under Philistine oppression. In this narrative, the Israelites `{{H3478}}` were disarmed and lacked blacksmiths, forcing them to go down `{{H3381}}` to the Philistines `{{H6430}}` for basic services. The scripture states they went "to sharpen `{{H3913}}` every man `{{H376}}` his share, and his coulter, and his axe, and his **mattock**" [[1 Samuel 13:20]]. A specific charge was levied for this work, as they "had a file `{{H6477}}` for the **mattocks** `{{H4281}}`" and other farm implements [[1 Samuel 13:21]].
### Related Words & Concepts
Several related words provide a clearer picture of the agricultural and historical setting:
* `{{H4282}}` **machăresheth** (share): This term for another part of a plow appears alongside **mattock** in the list of tools the Israelites needed sharpened by the Philistines [[1 Samuel 13:20]].
* `{{H855}}` **'êth** (coulter, plowshare): Also listed with the **mattock**, this digging implement was essential for farming, highlighting Israel's dependence on their enemies for agricultural readiness [[1 Samuel 13:20-21]].
* `{{H3913}}` **lâṭash** (sharpen): This is the key action the Israelites sought for their mattocks and other tools, an ability the Philistines monopolized to maintain control [[1 Samuel 13:20]].
* `{{H6430}}` **Pᵉlishtîy** (Philistine): The appearance of this word establishes the context of national conflict and subjugation, as they are the ones who controlled the sharpening of Israel's tools [[1 Samuel 13:20]].
### Theological Significance
While not a word with direct theological weight, the significance of `{{H4281}}` is found in the narrative it helps construct.
* **National Subjugation:** The need to have a simple **mattock** sharpened by an enemy demonstrates the depth of Israel's disarmament and oppression under the Philistines [[1 Samuel 13:20]].
* **Control of Technology:** The Philistines maintained a monopoly on smithing, a critical technology for both agriculture and warfare. By controlling the sharpening of tools like the **mattock**, they kept Israel dependent and unable to forge weapons.
* **Everyday Hardship:** The mention of a **mattock** illustrates how Philistine rule affected the daily life and livelihood of the common Israelite `{{H376}}`, impacting their ability to cultivate the land.
### Summary
In summary, `{{H4281}}` refers to a **mattock**, a common agricultural tool. Though it appears only twice, its usage in 1 Samuel 13 is highly significant. It serves as a powerful symbol of Israel's weakness and dependence on the Philistines, illustrating how an enemy's control over basic technology could disarm a nation and disrupt the very foundation of its agrarian society.
TRV